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Multilevel Governance in the European Union Gary Marks

Multilevel Governance in the European Union Gary Marks. Non-intersecting jurisdictions . . . 26 R é gions. 100 D é partements. . . . at a limited number of levels . . . across vastly different scales. 342 Arrondissements. 4,032 Cantons. 36,680 Communes.

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Multilevel Governance in the European Union Gary Marks

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  1. Multilevel Governance in the European UnionGary Marks

  2. Non-intersecting jurisdictions . . . 26 Régions 100 Départements . . . at a limited number of levels . . . across vastly different scales 342 Arrondissements 4,032 Cantons 36,680 Communes

  3. Virtues and vices of multilevel governance 1. Efficiency 2. Peace 3. Democracy 4. Moral hazard 5. Corruption 6. Protest 7. Survival

  4. #1 Efficiency Centralize where necessary • encompass relevant externalities • exploit economies of scale Decentralize where possible Eurospeak: “subsidiarity” • Lack of flexibility, innovation at central level • Local circumstances and needs can be better identified at the local level • Decentralization facilitates citizens’ participation in decision-making which induces better quality services

  5. Match the scale of government to the scale of problem: • Local: town services • Regional: water management • National: health system, national defense • Continental: cross-border pollution • Global: climate change

  6. Why multilevel governance NOW? • From War (-1945) to Peace (1945-) • Affluence welfare, education, microeconomic policy, environment, health, transport

  7. Regionalization in Europe

  8. Regionalization in Europe

  9. #2 Peace • Allow distinct communities self-rule • Combine communities in shared rule • Encourage overarching identities

  10. Ted Robert Gurr, Minorities at Risk

  11. #3 Dictators hate it Dictators centralize authority Democratic leaders may (or may not) want multilevel governance

  12. regionalization after democracy

  13. Democratization facilitates regionalism

  14. #4 Moral Hazard Problem scenario: A) Spending is local B1) taxation is national or B2) Debts are national GREECE!

  15. #5 Corruption What if: • Weak rule of law • Corrupt social norms • Inadequate capacity at local level • where a reform “mind-set” is not present at the local level BUT what if strong supranational institutions? E.g the EU.

  16. #6 Protest Basic dilemma: Nationalism versus supranationalism

  17. IDENTITY Source: Commission (2002 survey), Public Opinion (Eurobarometer 2001)

  18. Elites and public on Europe Sources: a) elites, Intune (Fall 2007) b) public opinion: Eurobarometer 68 (Fall 2007)

  19. Criticism on the radical right

  20. REFERENDA ON EUROPE

  21. #7: Survival A growing number of policy problems are • transnational and b) distributional

  22. deforestation • overfishing • nuclear waste disposal • refugees • climate change • nuclear proliferation • financial regulation • failing states • biodiversity loss • ocean exhaustion These are INTERNATIONAL problems with winners and losers

  23. national sovereignty is seriously suboptimal

  24. 3.9% 11.1% 85.0% 6.6% 93.3%

  25. The European Union is the world’s most important experiment in multilevel governance

  26. “Multilevel governance must be a priority.” José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, 2009. “Develop as quickly as possible practical measures . . . with a view to strengthening multilevel governance.” October 2008 resolution of the European Parliament European Union Charter for Multilevel Governance CoR 2009

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