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Lecture 02: Info/History/Photo

Delve into the concept of information, its history, and organization methods. Learn about various data types and properties, and the human perspective on information processing and transfer. Understand communication theories and explore different paradigms related to information storage and retrieval.

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Lecture 02: Info/History/Photo

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  1. Prof. Ray Larson & Prof. Marc Davis UC Berkeley SIMS Tuesday and Thursday 10:30 am - 12:00 am Fall 2002 Lecture 02: Info/History/Photo SIMS 202: Information Organization and Retrieval

  2. Lecture Outline • What Is Information? • History of Information Search and Organization • Photo Project Introduction

  3. Lecture Outline • What Is Information? • History of Information Search and Organization • Photo Project Introduction

  4. What is Information? • There is no “correct” definition • Can involve philosophy, psychology, signal processing, physics • Cookie Monster’s definition: • “news or facts about something”

  5. What is Information? • Oxford English Dictionary • Information • Informing, telling; thing told, knowledge, items of knowledge, news • Knowledge • Knowing familiarity gained by experience; person’s range of information; a theoretical or practical understanding of; the sum of what is known

  6. Assignment 1 Discussion • What is information, according to your background or area of expertise?

  7. Types of Information • Differentiation by form • Differentiation by content • Differentiation by quality • Differentiation by associated information

  8. Information Properties • Information can be communicated electronically • Broadcasting • Networking • Information can be easily duplicated and shared • Problems of ownership • Problems of control Adapted from ‘Silicon Dreams’ by Robert W. Lucky

  9. Intuitive Notion (Losee 97) • Information must • Be something, although the exact nature (substance, energy, or abstract concept) is not clear • Be “new”: repetition of previously received messages is not informative • Be “true”: false or counterfactual information is “mis-information” • Be “about” something • This human-centered approach emphasizes meaning and use of message

  10. Information from the Human Perspective • Levels in cognitive processing • Perception • Observation/attention • Reasoning, assimilating, forming inferences • Knowledge • “Justified true belief” • Belief • An idea held based on some support; an internally accepted statement, result of inductive processes combining observed facts with a reasoning process

  11. Information from the Human Perspective • Does information require a human mind? • Communication and information transfer among ants • A tree falls in the forest … is there information there? • Existence of quarks

  12. Meaning vs. Form • Form of information as the information itself • Meaning of a signal vs. the signal itself • What aspects of a document are information? • Representation (Norman 93) • Why do we write things down? • Socrates thought writing would obliterate serious thought • Sounds and gestures fade away • Artifacts help us to reason • Anything not present in the representation can be ignored • Things left out of the representation are often what we don’t know how to represent

  13. Information • Consider Borges’ infinite Library of Babel… • It has all possible data combinations of letters • Does it therefore contain all possible information? • What about all possible knowledge? • What about wisdom? • Is the Internet a prototype Library of Babel?

  14. Claude Shannon, 1940’s, studying communication Ways to measure information Communication: producing the same message at its destination as that seen at its source Problem: a “noisy channel” can distort the message Between transmitter and receiver, the message must be encoded Semantic aspects are irrelevant Information Theory Noise Message Source Trans- mitter Receiver Desti- nation Channel

  15. Information Theory Message Message Source Encoding Decoding Destination Channel Noise Message Message Source Encoding (Writing/ Indexing) Storage Decoding (Retrieval/ Reading) Destination • Better called “Technical Communication Theory” • Communication may be over time and space

  16. Human Communication Theory? Message Message Source Encoding Decoding Destination Channel Noise

  17. The Conduit Metaphor • Language functions like a conduit, transferring thoughts bodily from one person to another • In writing and speaking, people insert their thoughts or feelings in the words • Words accomplish the transfer by containing the thoughts or feelings and conveying them to others • In listening or reading, people extract the thoughts and feelings once again from the words

  18. Toolmakers’ Paradigm

  19. Lecture Outline • What Is Information? • History of Information Search and Organization • Photo Project Introduction

  20. Origins • Very early history of content representation • Sumerian tokens and “envelopes” • Alexandria - pinakes • Indices

  21. Origins • Rhetorical mnemonic theory and practice (“memoria”) • Memory palaces • An organization and retrieval technology for concepts that combines physical and virtual places (“loci”) • Examples • Simonides of Ceos • Cicero’s “testes”

  22. Origins • Biblical indexes and concordances • Hugo de St. Caro – 1247 A.D. : 500 monks – KWOC • Book indexes (Nuremburg Chronicle) • Library catalogs • Journal indexes • “Information explosion” following WWII • Bush and Memex • Cranfield studies of indexing languages and information retrieval • Development of bibliographic databases • Index Medicus – production and Medlars searching

  23. Lecture Outline • What Is Information? • History of Information Search and Organization • Photo Project Introduction

  24. Photo Project Goals • Develop an ongoing resource for SIMS (an annotated photo database) that can be used for internal research and teaching, as well for external promotional and informational purposes • Experience the actual process of information organization and retrieval (especially as regards metadata creation and use) • Work in small, focused teams performing a variety of tasks in image acquisition, cataloging, and application design

  25. Photo Project Requirements • Create engaging and useful application scenarios and photos about life at SIMS • Create a shared, reusable resource of annotated photos • All photos will be stored in one directory • Design your metadata • So that all photos would be accessible from all applications • Not only for the needs of your particular application, but also for the reusability of your photos and metadata • Protect people’s privacy • If you photograph a clearly identifiable person or persons and intend to use the photo, make sure to get a signed release form

  26. Photo Project Equipment

  27. Moore’s Law

  28. Moore’s Law for Cameras 2000 2002 $400 Kodak DX4900 Kodak DC40 $ 40 SiPix StyleCam Blink Nintendo GameBoy Camera

  29. Photography in IS 202 Photography Tutorial By Kim Chambers

  30. Introduction • Each time you take a photo, you make choices, either accidentally or deliberately • Helpful tips for creating interesting photographs • In class we will be using tiny “StyleCam Blink” digital cameras

  31. Helpful Tips • Content • Framing a subject • Lighting • StyleCam Blink Camera

  32. Content • Decide how much of a scene to show • Get closer to the subject: “If your pictures aren’t good enough, you’re not close enough” ROBERT CAPA • Use the background when it contributes something

  33. Close to Your Subject

  34. Too Far Away From Subject

  35. Background Contributes to Scene

  36. Framing a Subject • How does your subject relate to its surroundings? • Vertical or Horizontal? • Hold camera • Vertical for vertical subjects • Horizontal for horizontal subjects

  37. Good Use of Vertical Framing

  38. Bad Use of Capturing Subject

  39. Lighting • Natural light (indoors or outdoors) rarely strikes a subject evenly • There is no flash on this camera • Make sure you have enough light for your subject • Indoor photography with the StyleCam benefits from the use of artificial light sources (e.g., lamps, flashlights) • Avoid backlighting

  40. Good Indoor Lighting

  41. Bad Indoor Lighting

  42. Indoor Backlighting

  43. Outdoor Light

  44. StyleCam Blink Camera • Upload your photos before replacing or removing the battery so you don’t lose all your images • Moving the camera while taking a photo, taking a photo of a moving object OR shooting in low light = BLURRY PHOTOS

  45. Blurry

  46. Once Again… • Content • Get closer to subject • Framing a subject • Vertical for vertical • Horizontal for horizontal • Lighting • Make sure you have enough light • Avoid backlighting your subject • StyleCam Blink Camera • Fixed focus • No flash • Hold the camera still when taking a photo

  47. Photo Project Hand Outs • Photo Project Overview • Photo Project Groups • Photo Project Camera Instructions • Photo Project Release Forms

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