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PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF 1-KW SMALL WIND TURBINE

PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF 1-KW SMALL WIND TURBINE. Hikaru MATSUMIYA, HIKARUWIND.LAB.,Co., HIKARUWIND@aol.com Ryosuke ITO, Zephyr Corporation, ito@zephyreco.co.jp Masafumi KAWAKAMI , Zephyr Corporation, kawakami@zephyreco.co.jp

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PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF 1-KW SMALL WIND TURBINE

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  1. PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF 1-KW SMALL WIND TURBINE Hikaru MATSUMIYA, HIKARUWIND.LAB.,Co., HIKARUWIND@aol.com Ryosuke ITO, Zephyr Corporation, ito@zephyreco.co.jp Masafumi KAWAKAMI, Zephyr Corporation, kawakami@zephyreco.co.jp Daisuke MATSUSHITA, Kyushu University, matu@mech.kyushu-u.ac.jp Makoto IIDA, The University of Tokyo, iida@cfdl.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Chuichi ARAKAWA, The University of Tokyo, arakawa@cfdl.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

  2. 1. INTRODUCTION Development of 1 kW SHWT “Airdolphin” • Z-PROJECT Team = AIST, Zephyr Co., the Univ. Tokyo, Kyushu Univ., Toray and many manufacturers • Technical Targets: High performance, High reliability and Low noise • Started in 2002 and now running global round robin tests

  3. 2. Strategy of R & D and Challenges International Conformity IEA TASK27/IEC 61400-2 Technical Challenges for further Evolutions Typhoons in 2004 (http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp

  4. 3. Three Key Items on SWT

  5. 4. Main R&D Objectives

  6. Location of Fukushima Offshore Site 5. Field Test Site Fukushima Offshore Site • Offshore site at 40 km from coast line of Fukushima Prefecture • Two WTs were erected on an ocean-structure in the summer 2006. • Platform is 45 m high from sea level and tower height is 5 m. • Each mast is equipped with two cup anemometers (Davis). • All technical data are saved in a CPU at 1 second sampling interval. • The two WTS supply electricity to six units of batteries at 12 Volts which supply electricity for lighting system of 500 W during the night.

  7. Weibull fitting of the wind speed probability function at Fukushima offshore site Wind rose at Fukushima offshore site 6. Wind Characteristics Observation period: 13.April.2007 to 30.September.2007 (one-day pre-averaged) Mean wind speed: 6.47 m/s Weibull parameters: C = 7.2, k = 1.58 (Fig.5) Wind rose: SE and NNW are dominant (Fig.6) Turbulence Intensity: Fig.7 (10 minutes averaged datasets for 21 windy days) Bin averaged TI = 5.3% (at V = 15 m/s) Turbulence Intensity at Fukushima offshore site (Data from 21 windy days with different symbols)

  8. 7. 10-months Operation Data of Airdolphin #2 An overview of WT#2’s operation is shown based on daily power generation during 10 months. High winds above 30 m/s were experienced four times: 47.4 m/s (07.Septmber.2007), 39.4 m/s (10.February.2008), 36.0 m/s (27.October.2007), 32.4 m/s (5.July.2007) 10 months operation data of Airdolphin#2 at Fukushima offshore site

  9. 8. A practical Power Performance figure In IEC Standards, one data set requires 10 min. for normal WT and 1 min. for SWT. To obtain a global power performance figure, 1 day averaged data are useful at some R&D stages. This Fig. shows the power performance curve of WT #2 during 10-momths operation

  10. 9. A Challenge and Reliability Check Table High wind operation data • In Japan, special concern should paid for high wind such as Typhoon. Right Fig. is a Typhoon record in 2004. • Airdolphin is designed to operate under high wind up to 50 m/s. • Max. gust of 47.4 m/s (daily mean wind speed was 19.1 m/s) was experienced with daily capacity factor of 32.8 %. All typhoons in 2004 Typhoon path in Sep. 2007

  11. Fig.10 Continuous operation data of Airdolphin#2 (Period = 27/Oct.2007-30.Oct.2007, from 1-min. average data sets): Graphs are Power (W), Turbulence Intensity, Wind Direction (deg) and Wind Speed, from the top 10. Continuous Operation Data of WT #2 • 3 Days Continuous Operation Data (1-min. averaged data) • From the top: • power generation • turbulence intensity • wind direction • wind speed • Continuous data analysis would reveal the operation characteristics of such a fixed pitch WT that has normal and stall operation modes

  12. 11. Power Curves Comparison of three power performance curves obtained from 1 day dataset for 27, 28 and 29.October.2007. Datasets are of 1-minute pre-averaged and then Bin averaged. Interference between normal and stall mode  Three power curves ?  Advanced power control system.

  13. 12. Effect of Averaging Time for Bin Method • Steady wind condition • High wind condition Power performance are shown for various averaging time for bin method, 30 sec, 1 min, 5 min and 10 min for 1-day operation data. (Sampling time=1 sec) Number of bin data are 1440 for 1 min averaging and 144 for 10 min averaging. The results depend on the wind condition. Which averaging time is the best ?

  14. 13. Daily Captureability and Capacity Factor

  15. 14. Conclusion (1) • <OFFSHORE FIELD TEST> Two 1-kW SWTs (Airdolphin) at an offshore site have been operated for 10 months and their performance and safety issue are analyzed. • <HIGH WIND OPERATION> The WTs have designed cut-out wind speed of 50 m/s. Fortunately, they experienced a typhoon attack and continued operation without failure under the max. wind speed of 47.4 m/s. • <MANY POWER CURVES> As energy-producing machines, performance and evaluation of SWTs are vital issues. In spite of well established IEC standards, such issues have not understood enough with SWTs. Most annoying problem is that statistic measured power curve as defined in IEC standards, design power curve and steady power curves measured under steady wind conditions are all different. It seems some classified categories might be needed.

  16. 15. Conclusion (2) • <INFLUENCE OF TURBULENCE INTENSITY> Despite of the initial purpose, influence of turbulence on power performance curves could not be investigated in detail. However, the WTS showed better power performance under higher turbulence intensity (Fig.10) • <BIN-AVERAGING TIME> The effect of Bin-averaging time was investigated. 30 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes and 10 minutes were compared with power curves. However, probably due to low turbulence intensity, no remarkable differences were found. • <CAPTUREABILITY> As an absolute indicator of WT performance evaluation, captureability was proposed. • <FURTHER R&D> As to Airdolphin’s technology, further research is needed to improve the stall control method and power performance in the mixing zone. • <IEA TASK27, IEC STANDARD> IEA R&D WIND cooperation and IEC revision of IEC 61400-2 will be good fields of discussion and progress.

  17. 16. Next Plan The two Airdolphins are still operating. In August 2008, 19 units were added resulting 21 units in total. The SWT wind farm supplies all power demand for the Fukushima offshore station. The nest plan is the analysis of the wind farm performance. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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