Title Slide

1. Title Slide Dr. David A. Shirk Trans-Border Institute University of San Diego Findings & Policy Implications

2. Project Background Un-Rule of Law in Mexico New Justice Sector Reforms Brief Overview:

3. Multi-year, interdisciplinary collaborative research initiative 28 contributing experts on Mexican criminal justice Sponsored by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and the Tinker Foundation. Justice in Mexico Project www.justiceinmexico.org

4. Order Accountability Access to justice The rule of law is seriously compromised in Mexico by systemic problems in the administration of justice. Central Theme: Rule of Law

5. Crime and Criminality Police and Policing Legal Institutions & Actors Crime and Society Best Practices & Policy Recommendations Key Topics:

6. Mexican Criminal Justice System Crime Prevention Preliminary Inquiry Rehabilitation Criminal Proceeding —Preventive police —Public prosecutor —Investigative police —Pre-trial detention —Trial —Sentencing —Prison —Alternative sentencing

7. Elevated Levels of Crime Source: Pablo Piccato Database, Accused Criminals, State-level Jurisdiction, 1926-2005.

8. Prison Population Source: Elena Azaola and Marcelo Bergman, "The Mexican Prison System" (Table 4.3 Prison Population in Mexico), in Wayne Cornelius and David Shirk, Reforming the Administation of Justice in Mexico, (Southbend: Notre Dame Press, 2007), p. 93.

9. Comparative Prison Population Source: Elena Azaola and Marcelo Bergman, "The Mexican Prison System" (Table 4.5 "Latin American Prison Populations, 1992, 1996, 1999"), in Wayne Cornelius and David Shirk, Reforming the Administation of Justice in Mexico, (Southbend: Notre Dame Press, 2007), p. 100.

10. 447 prisons (5 federal; 330 state; 103 municipal) 177,500+ inmates (175 prisoners per 100,000 pop.) 96% male prisoners 40% in “pre-trial” stage Increasing # drug-related sentences Official Estimates of Percent Prison Over-population in Mexico, 1998-2005 A Profile of Mexican Criminals Sources: Source: Azaola and Bergman, “The Mexican Prison System”; Para 1998: SG. Dirección General de Prevención y Readaptación Social. Para 2001 a 2005: SSP. Órgano Administrativo Desconcentrado. Prevención y Readaptación Social.

11. Comparative Prison Overpopulation Source: Elena Azaola and Marcelo Bergman, "The Mexican Prison System" (Table 4.6 "Latin American Prisons: Overpopulation, Inmates Awaiting Sentencing, and Cost Per Inmate"), in Wayne Cornelius and David Shirk, Reforming the Administation of Justice in Mexico, (Southbend: Notre Dame Press, 2007), p. 101.

12. Crimes committed Cifra negra Crimes reported 25 of 100 Investigations completed 4.6 of 25 Crimes prosecuted 1.6 of 4.6 Crimes brought to trial 1.2 of 1.6 Crimes sentenced 1.1 of 1.2 Source: Guillermo Zepeda Lecuona, “Criminal Investigation and Subversion of Justice System Principles,” in Reforming the Administration of Justice in Mexico, forthcoming 2006. Numbers rounded to nearest tenth. Lifecycle of a Crime in Mexico

13. 3,000 different forces (federal, state, local) Estimated 400,000 police in Mexico (75% preventive) About 4 police per 1000 persons Police Profile

14. Police per Person http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_pol_percap-crime-police-per-capita

15. Comparing Police Corruption Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer 2003

16. Locating Corruption in the System Source: Elena Azaola and Marcelo Bergman, "The Mexican Prison System" in Wayne Cornelius and David Shirk, Reforming the Administation of Justice in Mexico, (Southbend: Notre Dame Press, 2007), p. 109, 110.

17. Investigation by Ministerio público Pretrial detention Written trial proceedings Lengthy process Large case backlogs Lack of transparency Inquisitorial Criminal Procedure

18. Proliferation of law programs No licensing exam No mandatory bar membership New code of ethics Estimated 40,000 lawyers Mexico’s Supreme Court and major national bar associations are beginning to consider mandatory bar membershi. Legal Profession

19. Militarization of police agencies and counter-drug efforts Increased military budget Turning to the Barracks

20. Estimated 25,000 troops deployed to special counter-drug operations in 2006-07 Military Deployments Operation Tijuana Operation Michoacán

21. Drug Violence Map 2006 2006

22. Drug Violence Map 2007 2007

23. Heightened Citizen Concerns Source:Reforma Newspaper, Mexico City, National phone survey. Percentage of Citizens for Whom Insecurity Is the Most Important Problem

24. In July 2004, 250,000 DF residents marched to demand access to justice. Since the mid-1990s, groups have protested violence against women in Ciudad Júarez. Demanding Justice Mexico City and Ciudad Júarez protests

25. Severely negative perceptions of police Public resignation to acts of corruption Occasional public vigilantism (especially in rural Mexico) In late 2004, Mexico City residents beat, killed, and set fire to federal police agents suspected of a kidnapping plot. The event was televised while local police stood by. Undesirable Public Responses

26. Transparency laws Oral trials Alternative sentences Mediation Bureaucratic oversight Best Practices: Looking to States

27. Improved criminal analysis Reducing common crime Police reform Combating organized crime Judicial sector reform Transparency & accountability Stronger victim protections Calderón’s Rule of Law Agenda

28. Public oral trials Pre-trial release Due process Discovery Plea bargaining Wire-tapping & searches In December 2007, the Chamber of Deputies passed a proposal for a comprehensive overhaul of the Mexican criminal justice system. After minor modifications, the bill was approved by the Senate’s judiciary commission in February 2008. Current Justice Reform

29. David Shirk Alejandra Ríos Robert Buffington Pablo Piccato Elena Azaola & Marcelo Bergman Benjamin Reames Guillermo Zepeda Lecuona Sigrid Arzt Carlos Silva Sara Schatz, Hugo Concha, & Ana Laura Magaloni Elisa Speckman Guerra Hector Fix-Fierro Jeffrey Staton Robert Kossick Pablo Paras Kathleen Staudt Irasema Coronado Rosalva Aida Hernandez Hector Ortiz Elizondo Robert Varenik Mario Arroyo Allison Rowland Marcos Pablo Moloeznik John Bailey Wayne Cornelius Thank You!