German in Transition 4th M 2nd WF

1. German in Transition 4th M 2nd WF Germany 1919-1939 German in Transition

2. Instruction On this presentation there are several different sections. Ranging from the leaders of Nazi Germany to details related to the persecution of the Jews. Each group will be given a different section to review and you will take a few slides on the presentation in order to summarize the section you were given. Some groups have more than 1 section because some sections are longer than others. We will be using two sections of the bitesize history website as our resources for our presentation. THEY MUST BE COMPLETE BEFORE YOUR NEXT CLASS. After you have added your section onto the presentation you must write 5 questions based off of your sections. (only 2 can be multiple choice, true/false, etc.) Blue: The Nazi’s Economic and Social Policy Red: Economic Policy and Benefits Purple: Structure of control in the Nazi Party Orange: Life during the War: WWII Life during the war: Nazi Opposition Yellow: Political Policy Racial and Religious Policy Nazi Leaders Green: Life During the War: After the War Persecution Mint: Introduction Women in the Nazi state

3. Germany in Transition- Introduction • The German Empire was formed in 1871 and was ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm II and by the Reichstag. • They fought in WWI from 1914-1918 until they admitted defeat and became very angry. • By February 1919, a new government was set in place. • They were forced into a Democratic Republic.

4. Germany in Transition- Introduction • There were many problems with the way the Weimar Republic was set up and runned. The way they chose seats within the Reichs constantly caused for a decision to be inclusive. • The Article 48 allowed the president to pass law without the Reichstag at times in emergency • Weimar was blamed for losing the war, signed the treaty of Versailles, economic crisis, hyperinflation, and the Munich Putsch.

5. Germany in Transition- Introduction • There were two wings against Weimar Republic: • Left- people who wanted things to change, often extremists • Right- people who wanted things to stay, often Nazis • Weimar Republic were disliked and had many opposers such as Communists and Nazis. • Article 48, had more consequences than strengths.

6. Nazi Leaders • Joseph Goebbels- He was Reich Minister of Propaganda. • Hermann Goering - He was responsible for the Four Year Plan and had action against Rohm on The Night of the Long Knives. • Heinrich Himmler- He was the leader of the SS and set up extermination camps.

7. Nazi Leaders • Albert Speer - He was the Minister for Rearmament and War Production • Rudolf Hess -He was the Deputy Leader of the Nazi Party • Dr. Robert Ley- He was head of the German Labor Front and established the Strength Through Joy Scheme.

8. Sydney Mulligan The Structure of Control in Nazi Germany Once Hitler pronounced himself Fuhrer of Germany he took control of every aspect of the german people's lives. He controlled their religion, culture, and where they work. He enforced terror among the people through constant and heavily controlled propaganda. Hitler used 4 main tactics to gain and keep control of Germany. • Hitler became Führer • Enabling Act • Local government reorganised • Political parties banned

9. The Structure of Control in Nazi Germany: Social Life & Education and work The Nazis controlled social life by: • Sending non-Nazi priests and protestant pastors to concentration camps • Hitler set up a Reich Church which banned bibles and crosses. • Persecuting Jews, Jehovah’s witnesses and homosexuals • Banning books written by Jews and jazz music • Art had to be approved by Nazis and had to portray Nazi values. The Nazis controlled education and work by: • Making all teachers join the Nazi Socialist teachers’ League. • History was taught to glorify Germany and textbooks were rewritten. • Hitler youth and the BDM was made compulsory. • The National Labor Service sent young men to work. • The KdF (Strength through Joy) regulated leisure time.

10. The Structure of Control in Nazi Germany Main tactics used to control Germany where: --Terror • Intimidation and terrorization towards opposed to the Nazi’s • Many arrests occurred and the building of the Nazi system through Germany was created --Concentration camps --Nazi people's courts --SS and Gestapo investigations, etc. --Propaganda • Persuasion to make people know what made the Nazi’s good • Control of all social activities: --Mass rallies --Films that showed Nazi glorification --Controlled radio broadcast, etc.

11. Economic and Social Policy Hitler promised “Work and Bread” in Nazi Germany with the plan to create jobs. Since he banned trade unions, many men were left unemployed, so he introduced the National Labour Service which included planting forests, digging ditches, and building hospitals and motorways. In 1935, men 18-25 were required to train, wear military uniform, live in camps, only receive pocket money, and exercise daily. Rearmament created jobs involving manufacturing materials. By 1939, unemployment for Nazi men was scarce. To keep the workers happy the Strength through Joy Movement allowed workers to have leisure time. It was created to keep people happy after trade unions were abolished and to thank the Führer for giving them jobs.

12. Economic and Social Policy Three K’s for women: Kinder, Kriche, Küche (kids, church, kitchen). No make-up or hair dye. No jobs, no decisions. If the wife had a job for 6 months and would quit, and the husband made less than 125 a month, they would be given 1000 marks upon marriage. If they had 4 children, they wouldn’t have to return the loan. On August 12, 1938, Hitler’s mother’s birthday, women with many children were given the mother’s cross. Healthy women weren’t allowed abortions, and non-aryans might be sterilized.

13. Economic and Social Policy Every German student had to stay in school until they were 14 and after that they could choose to stay or leave. Every class was in a Nazi’s view so textbooks were rewritten and some classes weren’t classes anymore. So that means that children say Jews as the bad people. Also all teachers had to be a part of Nazi Teachers’ Alliance. Students had different activities by their gender. Girls were taught how to be mothers and they weren’t taught anything academic. Then boys were taught military skills, how to shoot a gun properly, and map reading so they would be prepared to be future members of the Nazi army.

14. Economic Policy and Benefits The Nazi economic policy had four main points • Full Employment: The idea that every German person should be employed. And by 1939 there was virtually no unemployment. • Beauty of Work: They set up the SdA(Beauty of Work) to spread the idea that work was good and any person who could work should. • Re-armament: The belief that military was more important than anything else. • Autarky: Becoming a self sufficient country

15. Economic Policy and Benefits Through the power of Kdf, or Strength through Joy, the Nazis were actually able to create a work system that ensured that 1.4 million men were never out of work by placing them into the army after a six month labour camp, provided insurance plans for workers to purchase Volkswagen Beetles through small payments, and allowed for ordinary workers to afford holidays, picnics, theatre trips, and evening classes. This improved the quality for many Germans, as there was no longer crime in the street and autobahns improved travel and transportation. Not to mention that Hitler organized for many hospitals and schools to be built with the planting of forests. Reparations were also ignored, which allowed Germany to focus on many of these benefits.

16. Economic Policy and Benefits: Self-Sufficiency Hitler had an idea of ‘Autarky’, or self-sufficiency. This, however, ultimately failed. In 1937, Göering was appointed Minister of Economics, and created a four year plan to achieve autarky. He wanted to lessen the amounts of imports that Germany had, but failed, and in fact, imports increased. Farmers were ‘asked’ to increase food production, and scientists tried to make oil from coal, and tried to make substitutes for petrol, rubber, cotton, and coffee.

17. Political Policy • Control over legal system • Made the Nazi party have pretty much all control of Germany. Some examples are the Enabling Act, the Gestapo, the judges, etc • Control over central and regional government • Made Nazi party be able to implement the government policies like the army, trade unions, the media and ect.

18. Political Policy • Nazi propaganda was an important part in the Nazi reign as it was everywhere, they used every kind of propaganda on every group kids, parents, etc. • You were not allowed to support any other political party besides the Nazis or you were punished and limited in your actions.

19. Religious and Racial Policy • For religious policies, the Nazis saw the churches as a threat to their policies. Most of the Nazis were Catholics and Protestants. • Hitler signed a concordat with the Pope to give full religious freedom to the churches. • The Nazis closed Catholic churches, Catholics youth organizations, and many monasteries. • Made a Nazi Reich Church to praise Hitler, switching crosses with swastikas. • You could only believe in the Nazi religion.

20. Religious and Racial Policy • For racial policies, Hitler believed certain types of people and races should not bare children. • Jews were the main subject for persecution. Many Jews left Germany. Originally 550,000 Jews lived in Germany, then 280,000 had left. • Jews had more limited rights than the other people. • If you were not seen as a perfect aryan you had a rough life in Germany. • Any other color besides white was seen as an inferior race and you could not live in peace.

21. Persecution • The Nazi’s believed that only Germans could be citizens. And that any non-germans did not have citizenship rights. • Scientists thought that people with mental or social disabilities were genetic degenerates. Q: Who were considered genetic degenerates?

22. Persecution Nazi Germany spread the lies that the Jews were the source of all Germany’s problems. They also got rid of all of the “undesirables” that were on the streets. They “sterilised” black people and deaf people. They killed 85% of Germany’s gypsies. They killed the mentally ill and the mentally handicapped. Q: What was the percentage of gypsies that survived the reign of Nazi Germany.

23. Women in the Nazi State • Germany had certain expectations for women: • They could not have careers or lives outside of their domestic life. • They had to focus on church and their household • They were expected to be submissive. • Their primary purpose was to bring good Nazi children into the world

24. Women in the Nazi State • High Birth Rate: • Women were expected to have many children. • A law was even considered to require women to have four children at the least. • Women were paid to have many children and women who had eight received a gold medal.

25. War and its impact on life in Germany: The 2nd World War The initial impact was quite a success as the civilian life was not truly affected by the war until the beginning of the war when life was impacted for the better. People ate well-balanced meals, women’s drive to be a housewife increased, etc. Although later in the war when Germany came down from their high there was food shortage, there were multiple bombings, and people had to go to the last resort such as slaughtering the zoo animals for meat. Ghettos started to develop more and children took over the adult jobs. Young girls helped with kindergarteners and the boys would work with the fire service. Q: How much progress was made?

26. War and its impact on life in Germany: The 2nd World War War Preparation Q: What scale of an impact did the shutting down of local shops play in military improvement? - War aims and drives were changed after a serious defeat in Stalingrad (1942) which had greatly damaged Germany in the war. After this defeat it was clear that Germany wasn’t in winning condition, so it was decided that every aspect of the German economy and people should contribute to the war effort. Therefore all professional sports, magazines and sweet shops were shut down. The only shops open were contributing to the war effort, which also increased the labour hours for the workers. Allowing more women to work in factories as well.

27. War and its impact on life in Germany: The 2nd World War Teenagers were taken from their families and put into the war. The disabled were taken from their families and put in concentration camps, and they were most oftenly killed. This created an atmosphere of fear. Q: At what age were teens sent into the war?

28. War and Its impact on Germany: Nazi Opposition • Von Galen, the Pope Q: What did the Pope refer to Hitler as in “With Burning Concern”? The Nazis practiced and promoted the euthanasia of mentally-disabled people during their regime. This was considered unholy by the Catholic Archbishop of Munster, von Galen. He led to campaign to end it, which he succeeded in. Some Catholic priests also opposed Hitler for various reasons. Hitler’s unlikability regarding religious folks and figures was so great that, in 1937, the Pope gave a message known as “With Burning Concern” which ended up being read in every Catholic church. In that message, the Pope called Hitler “a mad prophet with repulsive arrogance”.

29. War and Its impact on Germany: Nazi Opposition German workers were not allowed to speak out. Even though many workers opposed Hitler and his ideals, they did not speak out because of the fear of being killed by the gestapo, or put into a concentration camp. This created a massive atmosphere of fear.Though there were some groups that did rebel against Hitler, some of the groups included The White Rose, Edelweiss Pirates, The Confessional Church and the Kreisau Circle. These groups used Murder, Assassination, Anti-Nazi propaganda and Music to rebel against Hitler and his forces/ideals. But all attempts failed to remove Hitler completely. Q: How many were denied rights.

30. War and Its impact on Germany: Nazi Opposition Nazi opposition impact was fierce in the beginning for there was much despise from the young people and those of the religious side. There were five major rebellion groups of young people in which they brought about the customs of the American youth for they typically represented freedom of belief. There were also three major religious oppositions that in a sense overcame the Nazi’s opposition in private, but to the public they were severely punished. Q: Why did the Nazi party keep opposition private?

31. War and Its Impact on Germany: After the War • After Germany was defeated the Soviet Union invaded East Germany, and the USA/Britain invaded the west • Germans fled their country • Two million died due to cold, disease, and exhaustion Q: After Germany was defeated, who invaded East Germany?

32. War and Its Impact on Germany: After the War • After the war, Nazi leaders were arrested, and tried for war crimes • A total of 10 people were hanged, while others, like Dr Robert Ley and Hermann Goering committed suicide • Denazification, and the spread of democracy also took place after the war • Examples of Denazification include the illegalization of the nazi party, former nazis were removed from power, new curriculum was Introduced, and allies took control of radio, press, and film,

33. War and Its Impact on Germany: After the War • The Treaty of Versailles had not managed to prevent Germany from going to war, so the punishing of Germany needed thought out. • Germany was divided into sections, Allied soldiers were put in place to keep order. • Austria was separated from Germany and placed under the control of USA, Britain, Russia and France. Q: Who controlled Austria after the war?