What are the chances that: 1) a dice cube will fall on “six” twice in a row?

1. What are the chances that: 1) a dice cube will fall on “six” twice in a row? 2) a mother with Hh will pass on an h to her child? 3) a father with Hh will pass on an H to his child? 4) both 2 and 3 will occur? Show your work!

2. Vocabulary: Draw the ARROWS of the terms to the examples, correctly!

3. B. Try it with coins! Copy the following data table: One coin: H T Tally (20 throws): Two Coins: HH HT TH TT Tally (50 throws): Throw the coins and count!

4. D. In Conclusion: 1) In real life we don’t necessarily get the exact predicted numbers. 2) In order to get closer in an experiment to the predicted ‘true’ probability, we need to……?

6. Kreiselman Period 2: Some would say – Mendel was not the first to discover genetics. What was observed before him? What was Mendel’s contribution to the understanding to the mechanism of inheritance?

7. Mendel’s Experiment Sweet Peas Gregor Mendel, Austria, Mid 1800’s

8. Decisions Mendel made when designing his experiments: • Control the pollination. • Start with pure-bred plants. • (many generations of self-pollination) • 3. Focus on traits that show only two clear, ‘either or’, phenotypes.

9. male female Mendel’s 1st Experiments Picked pea plants, that were self-pollinating for several generations. Pure-bred plants.

11. male X “Pure tall” “Pure short” female Pure Offspring plants: Height?

12. X Parental (P1) generation Step one: Assured cross – pollination by removing one gender each time.

13. X Parental (P1) generation Purple - flowered White - flowered Offspring (F1) generation Why?

14. F1 Hybrid offspring X Why? F2 ~25%

15. Mendel’s counts of various traits: Phenotypes and their ratios: Peas: Round5474 Wrinkled1850 Height: Short277 Tall787 White224 Purple705 Flower: Green1850 Peas: Yellow 6022 Can you find a pattern?

16. Ratios: Peas: Round: Wrinkled 2.96:1 Height: Tall:Short 2.84:1 Purple:White 3.15:1 Flower: Peas: Yellow:Green 3.01:1 No Matter which trait – always found a ratio of ~3:1 (same as 75:25%) between 2 phenotypes.

17. Mendel’s explanation: • Each plant inherits pairs of “factors” (genes), one from each parent. • 2. There are two variants (alleles) for the gene, one variant is dominant and one is recessive. • 3. Two forms of each gene are randomly separated (segregated) during the formation of reproductive cells.

18. To make it more methodic… Mendel gave them letters: P – dominant allele (purple) p – recessive allele (white) Pure bred (Parent generation): PP , pp Hybrids (F1 generation): Pp

19. Genotypes P P p p P p P p Pp Pp Segregation (in meiosis) gametes (sex cells) P p P p Possible genotypes of offspring

20. Punnet squares P P P p P p p p Genotypes Phenotypes Pp P p Purple Purple P Pp p Purple White Ratio: __3:1___ Ratio: _1:2:1___

21. P p P p P p 3. P 1. 2. p For each number in the punnet square – find the corresponding part in the ‘circle’ diagram. What do these parts represent?

22. First Punnet Square exercise: Monohybrid cross of a bear

23. Trait Dominant Allele Recessive Allele Constricted(n) Yellow (g) Terminal (a) Short (t) Smooth (N) Green (G) Axial (A) Tall (T) Pod Shape Pod Color Flower Position Plant Height

24. 1) What must be the genotype (AA, Aa or aa) of an individual with a recessive phenotype? 2) The relationship between genotype and phenotype is compared to thought and action of a person. Which is the action and which is the thought? Explain.

25. Use chart of traits to write: 1)Phenotypes of the genotypes: Gg, gg, nn, Nn, 2)All possible Genotypes of the phenotypes: Smooth Pod,Short plant, 3) Examples of:Homozygote recessive, homozygote dominant, heterozygote for plant height.

26. It is relatively common that two brown-eyed parents have a blue-eyed child, but it is rare that two blue-eyed parents have a brown eyed- child. Why? Explain, using the terms: homozygote, heterozygote, dominant recessive.

27. Monohybrid crosses: • Write the information given about the parents. • Write the ratios and percentages, include the genotypes and phenotypes in your answer. • For questions 5-10: write in complete sentences!

28. Divide your page to four parts. On the left write the following pairs of terms, and on the right side draw the relationships between these terms. 1) Gene-allele 2) Genotype-phenotype 3)Recessive-Dominant 4) Homozygous-Heterozygous

29. Pigments of the skin (and eyes) are in fact proteins that absorb light. A gene contains information to make a protein. If allele 1 is an active gene, and the allele 2 is inactive. Which allele is dominant, 1 or 2? Explain.

30. What is the chance that a flipped coin will fall, on ‘heads’? • What is the chance that this will happen twice in a row? • Explain. • (Guidance: The chance to have something happen twice is smaller than only once) .

31. ? A A, B = genes b B a A Meiosis What is the chance (in %) that a selected egg will have a Blue-a? a Navy-A? Why?

32. A, B = genes B b  a A  Meiosis 2 over 4 = 50% What is the chance (in %) that a selected egg will have an A or an a? Why?

33. ? A A, B = genes b B a A Meiosis ½ x ½ = ¼ = 25% What is the chance (in %) that a selected egg will have both a blue Aand an orange b?

35. 1) What did you learn from the flower dissection yesterday? 2) What questions do you have regarding the plant’s way of life?

36. Often Phenotypes “skip a generation”. 1) Give examples (if you can) from your family. 2) Why does this happen? Use – heterozygote, allele, dominant, recessive, genotype

37. 1) What are the two traits? 2) Which phenotypes are probably carried by dominant alleles? 3) What is produced by the gene responsible for the plant’s color? Corn Seedlings:

38. Sweat Peas

41. Mendel’s 3rd law of independent assortment: Each gene is segregated regardless of what happens to other genes. B C A Considering their locations on the 2 chromosomes, which two genes follow this rule? A-B, B-C, A-C? Explain.

42. The gel includes a father and four children. Which must be the father? Explain.