MCAS REVIEW GUIDE Pages5-6

1. MCAS REVIEW GUIDE Pages5-6 Photosynthesis and Respiration Movement In/Out of Cell Mitosis and Meiosis

2. There are several processes that happen in cells • Getting energy • Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration • Getting supplies/Dumping waste • Diffusion/ Facilitated Diffusion • Osmosis • Active transport • Reproducing • Mitosis/Meiosis

3. Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration • Photosynthesis • Only by plants (using organelle – chloroplast) • Uses Carbon Dioxide, Water and Sun • Makes Oxygen, and Glucose (sugar, food) • Cellular Respiration • In all living things (using organelle – mitochondria) • Uses Oxygen and food (glucose) • Makes Carbon Dioxide, Water and ATP (ENERGY) • Whenver you see ATP think of ENERGY

4. Moving things In/Out of the cell • Passive transport - Does not use energy • Diffusion – spreading from high to low concentraion • Facilitated Difusion – same but helped by proteins • Osmosis – same as diffusion but with water • Active transport – Uses Energy • Must use energy to pump things from low to high concentration

5. Making New Cells • Mitosis • Makes 2 new genetically identical cells (same DNA) • Used to grow and replace dead/damaged cells • In 1 celled organisms used to reproduce (asexual) • Meiosis • Make 4 gametes (sperm/egg cells) with ½ DNA • Used for sexual reproduction

6. Practice Questions • Read each question carefully and try to select the best answer. • After each question you will see the correct answer and what hints may help you recognize the correct answer.

7. Which of the following diagrams accurately represents the use of gases in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis? • A. • B. • C. • D.

8. Which of the following diagrams accurately represents the use of gases in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis? • A. Watch carefully for the arrows. Cellular Respiration has Oxygen (O) going in, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) going out.

9. Some antibiotics work by disrupting ATP production in bacteria. Which of the following will the bacteria lack when ATP production is disrupted? A. genetic material for reproduction B. energy to perform life processes C. nucleic acids to make proteins D. cytoplasm to diffuse oxygen

10. Some antibiotics work by disrupting ATP production in bacteria. Which of the following will the bacteria lack when ATP production is disrupted? B. energy to perform life processes Whenever you see “ATP” look for an answer with energy. ATP = ENERGY!!

11. When Streptococcus pneumoniae are exposed to an antibiotic, the bacteria try to pump the antibiotic out of their cells. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely used by the Streptococcus pneumoniaeto pump the antibiotic out of their cells? A. active transport B. diffusion C. facilitated diffusion D. osmosis

12. When Streptococcus pneumoniae are exposed to an antibiotic, the bacteria try to pump the antibiotic out of their cells. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely used by the Streptococcus pneumoniaeto pump the antibiotic out of their cells? A. active transport Pumping or using energy to move things into or out of the cell is active transport.

13. The human body regularly sheds and replaces its skin cells. Which of the following processes is directly responsible for replacing these cells? A. meiosis B. mitosis C. osmosis D. transcription

14. The human body regularly sheds and replaces its skin cells. Which of the following processes is directly responsible for replacing these cells? B. mitosis Replacing cells, making new identical cells in the body (In this case skin cells) is mitosis.

15. Some unicellular protists, such as dinoflagellates, use mitosis to reproduce. Which of the following statements describes the offspring? A. The offspring are twice as large as the parent. B. The offspring are genetically identical to the parent. C. The offspring develop from a parent’s fertilized egg. D. The offspring have half as many chromosomes as the parent.

16. Some unicellular protists, such as dinoflagellates, use mitosis to reproduce. Which of the following statements describes the offspring? B. The offspring are genetically identical to the parent. Mitosis produces two identical cells .

17. Which of the following normally results from meiosis in a human cell that contains 46 chromosomes? A. an egg cell with 46 chromosomes B. a liver cell with 23 chromosomes C. a blood cell with 46 chromosomes D. a sperm cell with 23 chromosomes

18. Which of the following normally results from meiosis in a human cell that contains 46 chromosomes? D. a sperm cell with 23 chromosomes Meiosis only makes sperm or egg cells, so it must be A or D. Cells made by Meiosis always have ½ the DNA of their parent cell, SO D is correct

19. Which of the following statements describes the role of ATP in animal cells? A. ATP stores and releases energy. B. ATP forms the channels in the plasma membrane. C. ATP serves as the hereditary material in the nucleus. D. ATP attaches to and digests unneeded organic molecules.

20. Which of the following statements describes the role of ATP in animal cells? A. ATP stores and releases energy. ATP = ENERGY!!!

21. The fungus Penicillium reproduces asexually and forms genetically identical spores. Which of the following processes does Penicillium use to form its spores? A. fertilization B. mitosis C. osmosis D. transcription

22. The fungus Penicillium reproduces asexually and forms genetically identical spores. Which of the following processes does Penicillium use to form its spores? B. mitosis Mitosis makes two genetically identical cells. This is called “asexual reproduction” because it is done “without (a) sex” or by just one organism, not 2.

23. Amino acids, sugars, and ions move across the cell membrane. Their movement from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration is accomplished by special proteins in the membrane. Which of the following terms applies to this type of cell transport? A. active transport B. facilitated diffusion C. osmosis D. transcription

24. Amino acids, sugars, and ions move across the cell membrane. Their movement from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration is accomplished by special proteins in the membrane. Which of the following terms applies to this type of cell transport? B. facilitated diffusion Diffusion tells it is from high to low concentration, special proteins tells it needs help (“facilitated”). There is no mention of energy use (not active)

25. In periods of hot, dry weather, the pores on the leaf surfaces of most plants close in order to reduce water loss during the day. When these pores are closed, plants cannot take in carbon dioxide. As a direct result, the rate of which of the following processes decreases? A. cellular respiration B. mitosis C. nitrogen fixation D. photosynthesis

26. In periods of hot, dry weather, the pores on the leaf surfaces of most plants close in order to reduce water loss during the day. When these pores are closed, plants cannot take in carbon dioxide. As a direct result, the rate of which of the following processes decreases? D. photosynthesis Photosynthesis uses Carbon Dioxide, without it photosynthesis cannot happen

27. The diagram below represents steps in sexual reproduction. Which of the following occurs in the step labeled Z? A. fertilization B. meiosis C. mitosis D. translocation

28. The diagram below represents steps in sexual reproduction. Which of the following occurs in the step labeled Z? A. fertilization Fertilization is when Sperm and egg join. (Mitosis and Meiosis are Cells dividing) That’s not in your packet, did you get it?

29. Energy for most chemical reactions in cells is supplied by which of the following molecules? A. ATP B. DNA C. adrenaline D. hemoglobin

30. Energy for most chemical reactions in cells is supplied by which of the following molecules? A. ATP • ATP = ENERGY!! • Are these easy yet???

31. Which of the following statements correctly describes the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration? A. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in the same organelle. B.Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are performed by all organisms. C. Photosynthesis produces carbon dioxide, and cellular respiration uses carbon dioxide. D. Photosynthesis stores energy for cells, and cellular respiration releases energy for cells.

32. Which of the following statements correctly describes the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration? D. Photosynthesis stores energy for cells, and cellular respiration releases energy for cells. Recognize the job of each (and don’t get fooled by answer C- Read carefully!!)

33. An equation for a biochemical reaction is shown below. Which of the following happens during this reaction? A. Energy from ATP is used to make glucose. B. ADP adds a high-energy bond to its structure. C. ADP is metabolized to provide oxygen to a cell. D. Energy is stored in the molecule ATP for future use.

34. An equation for a biochemical reaction is shown below. Which of the following happens during this reaction? A. Energy from ATP is used to make glucose. Read a chemical reaction like a math equation the arrows (->) indicate what is being made (glucose)

35. Lung cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of normal lung cells. Which of the following processes is not appropriately regulated in the cancerous cells? A. fertilization B. meiosis C. mitosis D. transpiration

36. Lung cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of normal lung cells. Which of the following processes is not appropriately regulated in the cancerous cells? C. mitosis Mitosis is the process of normal cell growth and division.

37. If an animal cell is placed in distilled water, it will swell and burst. The bursting of the cell is a result of which biological process? A. active transport B. enzyme activity C. osmosis D. respiration

38. If an animal cell is placed in distilled water, it will swell and burst. The bursting of the cell is a result of which biological process? C. osmosis Anytime “water” is moving into or out of a cell it is called osmosis (instead of just diffusion)

39. Mallory has four aquatic plants of the same size and species. She submerges each plant in a separate beaker filled with 200 mL of water. She then sets each beaker under a different intensity of light. Mallory observes that, of the four plants, the plant in the beaker under the most intense light gives off the most gas bubbles in a 20 min period. Which of the following statements best explains Mallory’s observations? A. Cells decompose most quickly under the most intense light. B. Water evaporates from plants fastest under the most intense light. C. Photosynthesis occurs at the highest rate under the most intense light. D. Gases in the leaves of plants expand most under the most intense light

40. Mallory has four aquatic plants of the same size and species. She submerges each plant in a separate beaker filled with 200 mL of water. She then sets each beaker under a different intensity of light. Mallory observes that, of the four plants, the plant in the beaker under the most intense light gives off the most gas bubbles in a 20 min period. Which of the following statements best explains Mallory’s observations? C. Photosynthesis occurs at the highest rate under the most intense light. A lot of reading, but recognize its about plants and light, and plants use light for photosynthesis!!!

41. All organisms have ways to produce ATP. Which of the following statements describes why ATP is a critical compound for all cells? A. It causes mitosis to begin. B. It is an energy-transfer molecule. C. It is a major component of cell membranes. D. It carries information from DNA to the ribosomes

42. All organisms have ways to produce ATP. Which of the following statements describes why ATP is a critical compound for all cells? B. It is an energy-transfer molecule. ATP = ENERGY!!!

43. When gametes are produced from a parent cell during normal meiosis, which of the following describes the number of chromosomes in each resulting cell? A. Each resulting cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. B. Each resulting cell has twice the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. C. Each resulting cell has one-half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. D. Each resulting cell has one-fourth the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

44. When gametes are produced from a parent cell during normal meiosis, which of the following describes the number of chromosomes in each resulting cell? C. Each resulting cell has one-half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Gametes (sperm /egg) are made by meiosis and have ½ the DNA (chromosomes) of the parent cells.

45. Which of the following most likely happens in the cells of a person running in the Boston Marathon? A. The respiration rate increases to produce more ATP. B. The replication rate increases to produce more DNA. C. The photosynthesis rate increases to produce more sugars. D. The cell division rate increases to produce more muscle fibers.

46. Which of the following most likely happens in the cells of a person running in the Boston Marathon? A. The respiration rate increases to produce more ATP. Tricky one!!, A runner needs lots of energy and energy = _ _ _!!!

47. Which of the following best describes the formation of a zygote? A. A sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus fuse. B. A cell's DNA replication and mitosis are accelerated. C. A succession of cell divisions produces a solid mass of cells. D. A cell with 46 chromosomes divides to form cells with 23 chromosomes each.

48. Which of the following best describes the formation of a zygote? A. A sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus fuse. Zygote is when sperm and egg join (fertilization) This was not in your packet, did you get it right ???

49. Which of the following functions does active transport perform in a cell? A. packaging proteins for export from the cell B. distributing enzymes throughout the cytoplasm C. moving substances against a concentration gradient D. equalizing the concentration of water inside and outside the cell

50. Which of the following functions does active transport perform in a cell? C. moving substances against a concentration gradient Transport = “moving” ; active = using energy, It must use energy because it goes against the concentration gradient (from low-> high)