Josep Prat Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)

1. WP-VD-Access“Access Networks: Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols” Final Review MeetingBrussels, 22 April 2008 Josep Prat Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)

2. WP-VDA: “Access Networks: Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols” • Scope: • To integrate and promote research activities in the broad area of access network design and analysis, by • identifying key research directions • jointly exploring architectures, system techniques, devices • strengthening co-operation • providing guidelines for access network evolution and deployment • Leaders: • Ton Koonen (TUE) / Josep Prat (UPC) • Advisory Board: • Evi Zouganeli (Telenor, VD-M), • Dieter Jäger (UDE, VD-H), • Philippe Chanclou (FT), • Maurice Gagnaire (ENST), • John Mitchell (UCL), • Mike Parker (Fujitsu Labe Europe), • Mario Pickavet (IBBT), • Stuart Walker (Univ. Essex)

3. Partners participation 470 days of mobility 20 (Y1) +15 (Y2) joint publications, and one book. 73 attendances

4. VD-A Technical Scope and Task Areas VD-A’s topics have been grouped in 4 TA-s: • TA-1 Access Network Architectures, • Low-cost network infrastructure techniques • Network protection strategies • incl. techno-economic analyses • TA-2 Access Network System Techniques and Components • Low-cost optical multiplexing techniques, for converged integrated access • Low-cost optical network termination modules • Fibre-wireless techniques • Remote powering techniques (for ONTs) • TA-3 Access Network Control Protocols • MAC, routing, Restoration, Dynamic allocation of capacity • Traffic, performance analysis • Handling of IP-based traffic, QoS differentiated • TA-4 Access Network Laboratory Trials and Field Tests

5. Task Areas/Technologies

6. Partners/Tasks

7. Joint Activities: MOBILITY 8 Mobility exchanges have been realized in Y2: UPC to ENST: 2 weeks, Post Doc, re MAC protocol for agile PON ISCOM to IT: 3 months, PhD student, re behaviour of SOAs for RoF and CATV signals. UPC to PoliMi: 26-27 July 2007, prof., re application of bidirectional EDWA in access ISCOM to IT: 3 months, PhD student, re RoF in PONs AGH to KTH: 2 weeks Aug. 2007, PhD student, protection in PONs. IT to TUE: 1 week July 2007, 2 persons, re RoF using IM/DD TUE to UAM: 3 months, PhD student, re control protocols for OCDMA networks UPC to UESSEX: 6 months, Post Doc, re advanced topologies and optics/radio integration

8. Joint Activities: TEST-BEDs • CWDM-PON laboratory test-bed (in HHI) • Long Reach High Density Access WDM/TDM-PON laboratory test-bed (in UPC) • Free Space Optics (FSO) in the Access Network Scenario (in ISCOM) • MMF LANs with Electronic equalization systems (in UoA).

9. Joint Activities: published BOOK LIST OF AUTHORS I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV PREFACE V TABLE OF CONTENTS VII LIST OF FIGURES X LIST OF TABLES XVIII ABBREVATIONS XIX REFERENCES XXV 1INTRODUCTION 1 1.1Organization of the Document 2 2ARCHITECTURE OF FUTURE ACCESS NETWORKS 4 2.1Multiplexing level 4 2.2WDM – Passive Optical Network 6 2.2.1Wavelength allocation strategies 7 2.2.2Dynamic network reconfiguration using flexible WDM 8 2.2.3Static WDM PONs 11 2.2.4Wavelength routed PON 14 2.2.5Reconfigurable WDM PONs 15 2.2.6Wavelength broadcast-and-select access network 16 2.2.7Wavelength routing access network 21 2.3Geographical, optical and virtual topologies: star, tree, bus, ring and combined 23 2.3.1Tree topology 23 2.3.2Bus topology 25 2.3.3Ring topology 25 2.3.4Tree with ring or redundant trunk 25 2.3.5Arrayed Waveguide Grating based single hop WDM/TDM PON 26 2.4Compatibility with Radio applications UWB, UMTS, WiFi 28 2.5Radio-over-Fibre 31 2.6Next Generation G/E-PON standards development process 32 2.6.1Development of 10G EPON 32 2.6.2Next generation GPON systems 40 2.6.3Summary 41 3COMPONENTS FOR FUTURE ACCESS NETWORKS 43 3.1Tuneable Optical Network Unit 43 3.2Fast-tunable laser at the Optical Line Terminal 44 3.3Arrayed Waveguide Gratings 46 3.3.1Wavelength router functionality 47 3.3.2Applications in access networks 48 3.3.3Arrayed Waveguide Grating characterization 49 3.4Reflective receivers and modulators 51 3.4.1Electroabsorption Modulator 52 3.4.2Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 53 3.4.3Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier 53 3.4.4Erbium Doped Waveguide Amplifiers and integration with RSOA and REAM for high performance colourless ONT 55 4ENHANCED TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES 59 4.1Advanced functionalities in PONs 60 4.1.1Wavelength conversion 61 4.1.2Tolerance to wavelength conversion range 63 4.2Bidirectional single fibre transmission with colourless Optical Network Unit 64 4.2.1Remodulation by using Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 64 4.2.2Fabry Perot Injection Locking with high bandwidth and low optical power for locking 65 4.2.3Characterization of Rayleigh Backscattering 66 4.2.4Strategies to mitigate Rayleigh Backscattering 68 4.2.5ASK-ASK configuration using time division multiplexing 69 4.2.6FSK-ASK configuration using modulation format multiplexing 69 4.2.7Subcarrier Multiplexing by electrical frequency multiplexing 70 4.2.8Rayleigh Scattering Reduction by means of Optical Frequency Dithering 71 4.3Spectral slicing 73 4.4Alternative modulation formats to NRZ ASK 74 4.5Bidirectional Very high rate DSL transmission over PON 75 4.5.1Heterodyning systems 80 4.5.2Optical frequency multiplying systems 81 4.5.3Coherent systems 82 4.6Active and remotely-pumped optical amplification 85 4.6.1Burst traffic 93 4.6.2Raman amplification in PONs 93 4.6.3Remote powering 95 4.7Variable splitter, variable multiplexer 95 5NETWORK PROTECTION 97 5.1Definitions 98 5.2Protection schemes 99 5.2.1Standard schemes 99 5.2.2Novel schemes 101 5.3Reliability performance evaluation 104 5.3.1Reliability requirements and reliability data 104 5.3.2Reliability models 105 5.3.3Results 107 5.3.4Power supply 108 5.4Conclusions 108 6TRAFFIC STUDIES 109 6.1Dynamic Bandwith Allocation, QoS and priorization in TDMA PONs 109 6.1.1Implementation of a Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation mechanism 109 6.1.2Definition and state of art 110 6.1.3Migration toward a dynamic bandwidth allocated BPON and selection criteria 112 6.2WDMA/TDMA Medium Access Control 115 6.2.1Access Protocol for Arrayed Waveguide Grating based TDMA/WDMA PONs for Metropolitan Area Networks 115 6.2.2Geographical Bandwidth Allocation 118 6.3Access Protocols for WDM Rings with QoS Support 120 6.3.1Analytical Model 121 6.3.2Numerical Results 121 6.3.3Access Protocol Supporting QoS Differentiated Services 122 6.3.4Performance Study 124 6.3.5Summary 127 6.4Efficient Support for Multicast and Peer-to-peer traffic 128 6.4.1Multicast Traffic 128 6.4.2Peer-to-Peer Traffic 129 7METRO-ACCESS CONVERGENCE 130 7.1Core-metro-access efficient interfacing 130 7.1.1Optical node implementation 131 7.1.2All-optical interfacing Access-Metro Architectures 131 7.2Optical Burst Switching in access 133 7.2.1Medium Access Control protocol and Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation 134 7.2.2Optical Burst Switching and traffic aggregation strategies for access networks 134 7.2.3Optical Burst Switching, queue management and priority queuing for QoS 136 7.3Sardana network: an example of metro-access convergence 137 7.3.1Single Fibre Ring Sardana 138 7.3.2Double Fibre Ring Sardana 144 8ECONOMIC MODELS 149 8.1WDM/TDM PON 149 8.1.1Bandwidth growth – the margin challenge 149 8.1.2Economically sustainable bandwidth growth 151 8.1.3The need for a new network architecture 153 8.2Long reach PONs 154 8.2.1Long reach PON – technical challenges 155 8.3Long term dynamic WDM/TDM-PON cost comparison 156 INDEX 163 by 14 partners + 2 external

10. Joint Activities: SURVEY ON KEY TOPICS * See D-A.3 for specific conclusions and guidelines.

11. Main Achievements in Y2 • N° meetings and workhops: 2 • Stockholm-Kista, June 19, 2007 (collocated with NOC 2007) • Rome, July 4, 2007 (collocated with ICTON 2007), • + organization of the “Special session on: Broadband Access: making use of optical transparency for user access”, • N° mobility actions: 8. • N° Joint papers: 15 (+ 4 submitted) + 1 joint book. • N° Public deliverables: 2 (VD-A.3 and VD-A.4) • N° joint project proposals; successful: • 2 IP (Alpha, Futon), 1 STREP (Sardana) • Shared infrastructures: 4 (HHI, UPC, ISCOM, UoA)

12. Final Comments of VD-A Fruitful cooperation between the 19 partners, with many joint activities executed. New research directions in access networks, encompassing the whole scope of network architectures (such as WDM-TDM PONs), system techniques and components, network protocols and performance analysis, and test-beds addressed. VD-A thus has become a firm basis for growing new cooperative activities. This basis will be further strengthened and extended in the Virtual Centre of Excellence on Access Networks in the FP7 Network of Excellence BONE and other forms of durable cooperation. VD-A has endured the fact of being a large work-package with a wide range of layers and technologies involved. The relevant organization and individual efforts performed with the many technical exchanges and experience sharing has allowed to achieve a real integration and long lasting links, towards the improved development of access technologies in Europe.