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Chapter 5 : European State Consolidation in the 17 th & 18 th Century. Learning Objectives:. 1. What was the Dutch Golden Age and what led to its decline? 2. What factors led to the different political paths taken by England and France in the 17th Century?
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Chapter 5:European State Consolidation in the 17th & 18th Century
Learning Objectives: 1. What was the Dutch Golden Age and what led to its decline? 2. What factors led to the different political paths taken by England and France in the 17th Century? 3. How did conflicts over taxation and religion lead to civil war in Stuart England? 4. Why were efforts to establish absolute monarchy successful in France but unsuccessful in England? 5. What were the main characteristics that defined the Polish, Austrian, and Prussian states in the 17th and 18 Centuries? 6. How did Peter the Great transform Russia into a powerful, centralized nation?
Chapter Outline I. The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline II. Two Models of European Political Development III. Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England IV. Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV V. Central and Eastern Europe VI. Russia Enters the European Political Arena VII. In Perspective
Vocabulary divine right of kings(170) fronde(179) Gallican Liberties(183) Puritans(171) Glorious Revolution(177) Jansenism(186) Junkers(194) Sejm(191) parliamentary monarchy(170) political absolutism(170) Pragmatic Sanctions(193) Table of Ranks(199) .
Review Questions The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline 1. What were the sources of Dutch prosperity and why did the Netherlands decline in the eighteenth century? Two Models of European Political Development 2. Why did England and France develop different systems of government and religious policies? Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England 3. Why did the English king and Parliament quarrel in the 1640s? What were the most important issues behind the war between them, and who bears more responsibility for it? What was the Glorious Revolution, and why did it take place? What role did religion play in seventeenth century English politics?
Review Questions Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV 4. Why did France become an absolute monarchy? How did Louis XIV consolidate his monarchy? What limits were there on his authority? What was Louis’s religious policy? What were the goals of his foreign policy? How did he use ceremony and his royal court to strengthen his authority? Central and Eastern Europe 5. How were the Hohenzollerns able to forge their diverse landholdings into the state of Prussia? Who were the major personalities involved in this process and what were their individual contributions? Why was the military so important in Prussia? What major problems did the Habsburgs face and how did they seek to resolve them? Which family, the Hohenzollerns or the Habsburgs, was more successful and why? Russia Enters the European Political Arena 6. How and why did Russia emerge as a great power but Poland did not? How were Peter the Great’s domestic reforms related to his military ambitions? What were his methods of reform? How did family conflict influence his later policies? Was Peter a successful ruler?
The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline The Dutch Golden Age: 1580’s -1670’s • It was a political model. • A radical attitude towards religion in the country. • A certain level of religious toleration. • Stable, thriving economy. • “Golden Age” of artists and thinkers. • Religion and everyday life were recurring themes in their art.
Dutch Society View of DoerdrechtAelbertCuyp, 1650s • Amsterdam, Rotterdam: granaries with enough surplus for one year. • Generally higher salaries than in any other parts of W. Europe. • Even women had higher wages. • “Protestant work ethic.” • Thrift and frugality. • Had the highest standard of living in Europe!
Dutch Economy Dutch East India Ship, mid-17c a. Exported diamonds, linens, pottery. b. Not much inflation. c. Great Dutch land reclamation project was accelerated during this time. d. Masters of the “carrying trade” (lowest shipping rates in Europe).
University of Leiden,1575 e. By 1645, it was the largest university in the Protestant world. f. The separation of the strong provinces hindered the power of any church to control intellectual life in the Dutch Republic!
University of Gröningen, 1614 g. Along with Leiden, they were the first international universities. h. Half of the students were foreigners.
Philip II consolidated Hapsburg landsat the end of the 16c.The Spanish Hapsburgs & Europe (1556)
The United Provinces still recognized Spanish rule, but, in 1581, they declared their independence.
Dutch Federation I. Regents: a. provincial level - held virtually all the power -strong advocates of local independence II. Stadholder: - States General representative from each province - responsible for defense and order III. States General: -federal assembly - foreign affairs (war) - all issues had to be referred to the local Estates
Anglo-Dutch Wars: a. First Anglo-Dutch War: 1660-1665 b. Second Anglo-Dutch War: 1665-1667 c. Third Anglo-Dutch War: 1674-1678 King William III Queen Catherine II ascend the throne of England in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution
Count William II Granting PrivilegesCesare van Everdingen, 1654
I. Absolutism defined: • In an absolute state, sovereignty resided in kings-not the nobility or parliament- who considered themselves responsible to God alone • Created new state bureaucracies/ standing armies, regulated govt., secured cooperation of nobility • Absolute state foreshadowed modern totalitarian state but lacked total control over all aspects of life
A. French Absolutism • Foundations for Absolutism from Henry IV Sully & Richelieu a. Henry IV decent ruler, lowered taxes achieved peace, curtailed power of nobility b. his minister, Sully, brought about financial stability & economic growth • Cardinal Richelieu, ruler of France under King Louis XIII broke power of French Nobility • Changed royal council, leveled castles, Crushed aristocratic conspiracies b. Established efficient administrative system using intendments , who delivered royal orders, collected c. Taxes, though could not work where their family lived
Rubens: The Death of Henry IV and the Proclamation of the Regency (1622–1625) In 1622 the regent Marie de’ Medici commissioned Peter Paul Rubens to paint a cycle of paintings depicting her life. This one portrays two distinct moments: the assassination of Henry IV (shown on the left ascending to Heaven), and Marie’s subsequent proclamation as regent. The queen is seated on a throne in mourning clothes, with the goddess Athena on her right (representing Prudence), a woman in the air holding a rudder (symbolizing regency), and the personification of France kneeling before her offering an orb (symbolizing government). The other twenty-three canvasses in the cycle similarly glorify Marie, a tricky undertaking given her unhappy marriage to Henry IV and her tumultuous relationship with her son Louis XIII, who removed her from the regency in 1617. As in this image, Rubens frequently resorted to allegory and classical imagery to elevate the events of Marie’s life.
B. French Absolutism 4. Edict of Nantes: a. Henry IV gave religious freedom to Huguenots b. Louis XIII disagreed, attacked Huguenots 1. reinstituted Catholic mass in all French churches 2. forced Huguenots(Calvinists) to convert imprisonment, or exile 5. Cardinal Richelieu, under Louis XIII, wanted to weaken Habsburg 1. raised taxes, dealt with peasant revolts 6. Mazarin, former student of Richelieu, continued plan to consolidate power with the French Kings 1. during period of Mazarin in govt., civil wars or fronde occurred, in which anyone who opposed govt., persecuted, opposition from nobility, newly formed middle class
II. Absolute Monarchy of Louis XIV A. Louis XIV, the “Sun King”, devout Catholic who believed that God had established kings as his rulers on earth 1. feared nobility though worked well with them to keep them under control 2. built Versailles palace required nobility to spend part of year living there to keep them under control/check 3. created centralized state from bourgeoisie (middle class)
The Acquisitions of Louis XIV, 1668–1713 The desire for dynastic glory and the weakness of his German neighbors encouraged Louis’s wars, but his country paid a high price for his acquisitions.
Louis XIV was extremely proud of the gardens at Versailles and personally led ambassadors and other highly ranked visitors on tours of the extensive palace grounds.
II. Absolute Monarchy of Louis XIV B. Financial & Economic management under Louis XIV led by Colbert 1. Louis involved in many wars, wars expensive, and nobility and Church did not pay tax 2. middle class (bourgeoisie) peasants/farmers taxed C. 1685 Edict of Nantes revoked, destroyed Protestant churches 1. Why? Louis XIV wanted only one church in France(Catholic)
The “Sun King” Louis XIV E. Louis XIV’s wars 1. Louis kept France at war 33 out of the 54 years of his personal rule a. Marquis de Louvois created a professional army for Louis b. Louis himself took personal command of the army c. Louis continued Richelieu’s expansionist policy 2. France would invade the following countries: a. 1667 Flanders b. 1678 with the Treaty of Nijmegan, gained several Flemish towns & FrancheComte c. 1681 Strasburg/ 1684 Lorraine D. France would fight Dutch King of England & League of Augsburg in war
The “Sun King” Louis XIV E. Financing a war 1. Banks of Amsterdam & England financed Louis’ enemies 2. Louis forced French peasant, urban masses, middle class to finance wars 3. This led to the war of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)over issue of succession to Spanish throne; Louis claimed Spain but opposed by Dutch, English, Austrians, Prussians 4. war attempt to preserve balance of power in Europe 5. Grand Alliance, 1701 formed of English, Dutch Austrians, Prussians to fight French 6. Eugene of Savoy & Churchill of England led alliance to victory 7. Peace of Utrecht, 1713, forbade union of Spain & France 8. War ended French expansion in Europe
Peeter Snayers: Spanish Troops The long wars that Spain fought over Dutch independence, in support of Habsburg interests in Germany, and against France left the country militarily exhausted and financially drained by the mid-1600s. Here Spanish troops—thin, emaciated, and probably unpaid—straggle away from battle.
Tiepolo: The Triumph of Spain This painting is from the ceiling of the Royal Palace in Madrid. Arguably the greatest Italian painter of the eighteenth century, Giovanni Tiepolo depicted the Spanish Empire as the self-assured champion of Christian cultural values in Europe and America.
Puritan Occupations These twelve engravings depict typical Puritan occupations and show that the Puritans came primarily from the artisan and lower middle classes. The governing classes and peasants adhered to the traditions of the Church of England.
Van Dyck: Charles I (ca 1635) Anthony Van Dyck was the greatest of Rubens’s many students. In 1633 he became court painter to Charles I. His portrait of Charles just dismounted from a horse emphasizes the aristocratic bearing, elegance, and innate authority of the king. This monarch seemingly needs no pomp or magnificence to display his sovereignty. Van Dyck’s success led to innumerable commissions by members of the court and aristocratic society. He had a profound influence on English portraiture and was revered, for example, by Gainsborough. Some scholars believe that this portrait influenced Rigaud’s 1701 portrait of Louis XIV
Juan de Pareja: The Calling of Saint Matthew Using rich but subdued colors, Pareja depicts the biblical text (Mark 2:13–17), with Jesus in traditional first-century dress and the other figures, arranged around a table covered with an Oriental carpet, in seventeenth-century apparel. Matthew, at Jesus’ right hand, seems surprised by the “call.” Pareja, following a long tradition, includes himself (standing, rear center).
Jan Steen: The Christening Feast As the mother, surrounded by midwives, rests in bed (rear left) and the father proudly displays the swaddled child, thirteen other people, united by gestures and gazes, prepare the celebratory meal. Very prolific, Steen was a master of warm-hearted domestic scenes. In contrast to the order and cleanliness of many seventeenth- century Dutch genre paintings, Steen’s more disorderly portrayals gave rise to the epithet “a Jan Steen household,” meaning an untidy house.
Gentleness and deep mutual devotion seem to pervade Rembrandt’s The Jewish Bride.
