WEEK 15

1. WEEK 15 Summary Session

2. Stages of Development

3. Ages and Stages of Learning • Erikson's BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL or bio-psycho-social theory (bio refers to biological, which in this context means life) • The word 'psychosocial' is Erikson's term, effectively from the words psychological (mind) and social (relationships). • Erikson believed that his psychosocial principle is genetically inevitable in shaping human development. It occurs in all people

4. Ages and Stages of Learning

5. Student Discussion What examples of these life stages have you observed?

6. Modes of Communication

7. Modes of Communication • Verbal Communication • Non Verbal Communication • Written Communication • Reading as Communication • Formal and Informal Communication • Personal and Electronic Communication • Direct and Indirect Communication

8. Student Discussion When will you use your verbal communication skills the most in practice? When are you likely to not use your verbal communication skills?

9. Student Discussion What non verbal communication skills will you engage in when in practice?

10. Student Discussion Do you engage more direct or indirect communication skills in your everyday life? Has this changed since learning more about communication? As a health practitioner which communication skills will you need to practice and engage more; direct or indirect?

11. Documentation & Record Keeping

12. Documentation and Record Keeping • Business letters • Referral letters • Case notes/files • Genograms

13. Student Discussion Why is written documentation so important even in human service industries?

14. SOAP Principle in Case Notes • S. = Subjective or summary statement by the client. Usually, this is a direct quote. • O. = Objective data or information that matches the subjective statement. • A. = Assessment of the situation, the session, and the client, regardless of how obvious it might be based on the subjective and/or objective statements. • P. = Plan for future clinical work. Should reflect interventions specified in treatment plan including homework assignments. Reflect follow-up needed or completed.

15. Genograms • Female (add age) • Male (add age) • Unknown Gender • Married • Defacto • Separated • Divorced

16. Health Symbols • Heart Disease • Breast Cancer • Diabetes • Depression

17. Basic Counselling Styles & Theories

18. Basic Counselling Styles • Client Centered (Rogerian) • Holistic Health (Biopsychosocial) • Strengths Based • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (ABC Method) • Solution Focused Therapy • Existential approach

19. Client Centred • In Client Centeredcounselling, the counsellor provides the growth-promoting climate and the client is then free and able to discover and grow as she / he wants and needs to. • Prevailing characteristics of the session are active listening, empathy, acceptance (unconditional positive regard) and genuineness.

20. Holistic Health • Holistic Health (Biopsychosocial) asserts that we have physical, intellectual, social, emotional, vocational and spiritual needs -- the neglect of which reduces the ability of one to withstand the effects of stress. And we live in socio-economic conditions that can enhance or demean our long-term well-being.

21. Strengths Based • Strengths Based counselling focuses on what is going right in a person’s life. The counsellor and client work together to find past and present successes and use these to address current and future challenges. Its first cousin, Positive Thinking or Learned Optimism, is about learning a positive perspective – focusing on what can go right.

22. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (ABC Method) could be described as “as I think, so I feel (and do)!” In any given situation you have: • A. Activating Event – the actual event and the client’s immediate interpretations of the event • B. Beliefs about the event – this evaluation can be rational or irrational • C. Consequences – how you feel and what you do or other thoughts

23. Solution Focused Therapy • Solution Focused Therapy or Where do I want to be?; focuses on what clients want to achieve through therapy rather than on the problem(s) that made them seek help. The approach does not focus on the past, but instead, focuses on the present and future. The client is asked to envision how the future will be different when the problem is no longer present.

24. Existential Approach • The Existential approach or Why Am I Here; is also known as “Meaning Therapy.” As Viktor Frankyl put it, “He who knows the ‘why’ for his existence, will be able to bear almost any ‘how.’” Therapy is concerned with creating one’s identity and establishing meaningful relationships with others.

25. Student Discussion As a CAMS Practitioner, which style or theory are you likely to utilise most when engaging clients? Why?

26. Basic Counselling Skills

27. Basic Counselling Skills • Attending Behaviour • Closed and Open – ended Questions • Paraphrase • Summary • Reflection

28. What does attending behaviour look like? • SHOVELER • S: Face the other Squarely • H: Head Nods • O: Adopt an Open Posture • V: Verbal Following • E: Speech patterns & Volume • L: Lean toward the other • E: Make Eye Contact • R: Be relatively relaxed

29. Purposes of Open-Ended Questions • To begin an interview • To encourage client elaboration • To elicit specific examples • To motivate clients to communicate

30. Student Exercise What are some examples of open ended questions?

31. Purposes of Closed Ended Questions • To obtain specific information • To identify parameters of a problem or issue • To narrow the topic of discussion • To interrupt an overtalkative client

32. Student Exercise What are some examples of effective closed ended questions?

33. Purposes of Paraphrasing • To convey that you are understanding him/her • Help the client by simplifying, focussing and crystallising what they said • May encourage clients to elaborate • Provide a check on level of accuracy of your understanding or perceptions

34. Steps in Paraphrasing • 1. Recall the message and restate it to yourself covertly • 2. Identify the content part of the message • 3. Select an appropriate beginning Ie ‘it sounds like’ ‘so you think’ ‘I hear you saying’ ‘would I be right in hearing that’ • 4. Translate the key content into your own words • 5. Confirm the paraphrase with the client

35. Purpose of a Reflection • Helps clients: • Feel understood • Express more feelings • Manage feelings • Discriminate among various feelings

36. Steps in a Reflection • 1. Listen closely and observe behaviour - watch non verbal behaviour - verbally reflect the feelings back to the client • 2. Identify the feeling category • 3. Identify the intensity • 4. Mark the feeling and the intensity or a word • Feed back to the client • Add content using the form ‘you feel ______, because______’ • Check for accuracy.

37. Purposes of a Summary • To tie together multiple elements of client messages • To identify a common theme or pattern • To interrupt excessive rambling • To start a session • To end a session • To pace a session • To review progress • To serve as a transition when changing topics

38. Steps in a summary • 1. Recall key content and affect messages • 2. Identify patterns or themes • 3. Use appropriate sentence stem and verbalise the summarisation response Ie ‘I get the sense...’ ‘the picture I’m getting’ ‘overall it seems’ 4. Summarise 5. Assess the effectiveness of your summarisation

39. Psychopathologies

40. Psychopathologies & Mental Health • In Australia, around one in five people will experience a mental illness at some stage of their life, including alcohol or other substance abuse disorders, many experiencing more than one mental illness at one time. • Psychopathology is the study of mental illness, mental distress, and abnormal/maladaptive behaviour.

41. Types of Mental Illness • Anxiety disorders • Mood disorders • Psychotic disorders • Eating disorders • Impulse control and addiction disorders • Personality disorders

42. Anxiety Disorders • People with anxiety disorders respond to certain objects or situations with fear and dread, as well as with physical signs of anxiety or nervousness, such as a rapid heartbeat and sweating. • Is diagnosed if the person's response is not appropriate for the situation, if the person cannot control the response, or if the anxiety interferes with normal functioning.

43. Student Discussion What are some types of Anxiety Disorders

44. Mood Disorders • These disorders, also called affective disorders, involve persistent feelings of sadness or periods of feeling overly happy, or fluctuations from extreme happiness to extreme sadness.

45. Student Discussion What are some types of Mood Disorders

46. Psychotic Disorders • Psychotic disorders involve distorted awareness and thinking. • Two of the most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are hallucinations and delusions.

47. Student Discussion What are some types of Psychotic Disorders

48. Eating Disorders • Eating disorders involve extreme emotions, attitudes, and behaviours involving weight and food.

49. Student Discussion What are some types of Eating Disorders

50. Impulse Control and Addiction Disorders • People with impulse control disorders are unable to resist urges, or impulses, to perform acts that could be harmful to themselves or others. • Often, people with these disorders become so involved with the objects of their addiction that they begin to ignore responsibilities and relationships.