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1. Manifest Destiny, 1810–1853 Westward expansion has political, economic, and social effects on the development of the United States. Stephen Fuller Austin, 19th-century American frontiersman and founder of Texas settlements. Engraving. NEXT

2. Manifest Destiny, 1810–1853 SECTION 1 Trails West SECTION 2 The Texas Revolution SECTION 3 The War with Mexico SECTION 4 The California Gold Rush NEXT

3. Section 1 Trails West Thousands of settlers follow trails through the West to gain land and a chance to make a fortune. NEXT

4. SECTION 1 Trails West Mountain Men and the Rendezvous • Mountain men trap small animals between the Mississippi, Pacific Ocean • Mountain men like Jim Beckwourth become famous as rugged loners • William Henry Ashley creates trading method called rendezvous system • Mountain men trade furs for supplies at prearranged site • Rendezvous occurs every summer from 1825-1840, then fur trade dies out NEXT

5. SECTION 1 Mountain Men Open the West • Mountain men explore West while searching for beaver • Provide knowledge of West, helps later pioneers move west • Jedediah Smith finds South Pass, later used by pioneers as wagon trail NEXT

6. SECTION 1 The Lure of the West • Many use West to make money, take land from Native Americans • Land speculators buy huge areas of land, hope value will increase • If value goes up, speculators divide land into smaller sections • Make great profits selling sections to thousands of settlers • Manufacturers, merchants soon follow the settlers west • Hope to earn money, making, selling items farmers need NEXT

7. SECTION 1 The Trail to Santa Fe • Mexico gains independence (1821), opens borders to American traders • William Becknell goes to Santa Fe, New Mexico, opens Santa Fe Trail ( See movie clip) Image • Makes profit trading, news spreads, traders can get rich in New Mexico • Becknell makes another trip to Santa Fe, uses a shortcut • Soon hundreds of traders use same route from Missouri to New Mexico NEXT

8. SECTION 1 Oregon Fever • Hundreds of settlers begin migrating west on the Oregon Trail • First whites to cross to Oregon are missionaries • U.S., Britain argue over ownership of Oregon • Missionaries report about Oregon’s rich land, attract many settlers • In 1843, nearly 1,000 people travel from Missouri to Oregon NEXT

9. SECTION 1 One Family Heads West • In 1844, Henry Sager, wife, 6 children leave Missouri for Oregon • Join wagon train, survival depends on cooperation • Wagon train sets up rules, elects leaders to enforce them • Life on the trail has hardships, Sager, wife die, orphans adopted Image NEXT

10. SECTION 1 The Mormon Trail • Mormons—members of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints • Many people do not like Mormons because: - practice of polygamy - object to their holding of property in common • Mob kills Mormon leader Joseph Smith in IL, Mormons decide to leave U.S. • Next leader, Brigham Young, leads 1,600 Mormons to Utah (1847) Image • Build settlement by the Great Salt Lake NEXT

11. Section 2 The Texas Revolution American and Tejano citizens lead Texas to independence from Mexico. NEXT

12. SECTION 2 The Texas Revolution Spanish Texas • Spanish land called Tejas borders the U.S. territory, Louisiana • Rich land, home to Plain, Pueblo Native Americans, few Spanish • Tejanos—people of Spanish heritage who consider Texas their home • Comanche, Apache fight against Spanish settlement of Texas ( many western movies) failure to attract Spanish settlers = American Moses Austin to start colony in Texas NEXT

13. SECTION 2 Mexican Independence Changes Texas • Mexico gains independence from Spain (1821) • Makes Spanish land grant to Moses Austin worthless • Austin’s son, Stephen Austin, gets another land grant • New settlers must become Mexican citizens, members of Catholic Church • 297 American families move to Texas, known as the “Old Three Hundred” • Colony attracts more Americans, outnumber Tejanos 6 to 1 (1830) NEXT

14. SECTION 2 Rising Tensions in Texas • Americans resent following Mexican laws • Mexico outlaws slavery, allows slave owners in Texas to keep slaves • Tejanos think Americans view themselves as superior • Mexican government afraid tensions could lead to revolt • Closes Texas to further immigration, requires Texans to pay taxes • Sends more troops to enforce the new laws NEXT

15. SECTION 2 Texans Revolt Against Mexico • Some Texans want to break from Mexico, Stephen Austin loyal to Mexico • Goes to Mexico City with a petition listing reforms (1833) • Mexican president, GeneralAntonio López de Santa Annameets Austin Image • Santa Anna, afraid that Austin supports rebellion, jails him for year • Texans furious, drive Mexican troops out of old mission, the Alamo • Santa Anna and 6,000 troops head for Mexico NEXT

16. SECTION 2 The Fight for the Alamo • Texans declare Texas a free and independent state (1836) • Sam Houston placed in command of small Texan army • William Travisheads 183 Texan volunteers at the Alamo, includes: - Davy Crockett - Jim Bowie - Juan Seguín, leader of 25 Tejanos Image Continued . . . NEXT

17. SECTION 2 Continued The Fight for the Alamo • Santa Anna’s troops attack Alamo, Texans hold off attack for 12 days • Mexicans kill 183 Texan defenders, win the Battle of the Alamo Map • A few women, children survive, tell story of Alamo, shock other Texans ***** Extra Credit****** Watch movie about Alamo after school next Tuesday!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Don’t forget!!!!! NEXT

18. SECTION 2 Victory of San Jacinto • Mexican troops capture Texan army at Goliad, execute over 300 • Texan army increases to 800 angry men, includes: - American settlers - Tejanos - volunteers from the United States - free and enslaved African Americans • Texan army ( Large mix of different Americans) defeats Mexican troops at San Jacinto Interactive • Santa Anna forced to sign treaty giving Texas its freedom NEXT

19. SECTION 2 Lone Star Republic • Texas becomes independent nation called the Lone Star Republic • Sam Houston elected president, Texas asks to be annexed to the U.S. • Many Northerners object, argue Texas would be a slave state • If Texas joins Union, slave states would outnumber free states • Others fear annexing Texas would lead to war with Mexico • Congress votes against annexation NEXT

20. Section 3 The War with Mexico The United States expands its territory westward to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast. NEXT

21. SECTION 3 The War with Mexico Americans Support Manifest Destiny • West occupied by Native Americans, Mexicans • Americans view West as unoccupied, many want to settle in region • ManifestDestiny—U.S. expansion from Atlantic, Pacific sure to happen“Divine Right” • Manifest destiny becomes U.S. policy under President James K. Polk • U.S., Britain divide Oregon territory at 49th parallel (1846) Map NEXT

22. SECTION 3 Troubles with Mexico • U.S. Congress admits Texas as slave state (1846), angers Mexico • Texas, Mexico do not agree on official border, U.S. diplomacy fails • General Zachary Taylor stations U.S. troops in disputed region • Action viewed by Mexico as an act of war, Mexico attacks U.S. patrol • Congress declares war on Mexico, some Americans are against war • Southerners want to extend slavery into Texas, Northerners do not NEXT

23. SECTION 3 Capturing New Mexico and California • U.S. General Stephen Kearny, troops enter New Mexico • Using persuasion, Kearny occupies New Mexico without firing a shot • Kearny, small force head to California, remaining troops go to Mexico • In California, Americans led by John C. Fremont rebel against Mexico Image • Rebellion known as Bear Flag Revolt, California declares independence • U.S. troops help rebels gain control of California NEXT

24. SECTION 3 The Invasion of Mexico • General Zachary Taylor leads U.S. troops into Mexico from Texas • Fights Santa Anna, Mexican troops at Buena Vista, Mexican troops retreat • General Winfield Scott, U.S. troops land in Veracruz, Mexico • Head inland to Mexico City, fight Mexican troops, capture Mexico City Interactive NEXT

25. SECTION 3 The Mexican Cession • War ends with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) • Mexico recognizes Texas as U.S., Rio Grande as Mexican/U.S. border • Mexico gives up vast region known as the Mexican Cession: - amounts to almost one-half of Mexico - U.S. pays Mexico $15 million for region • Mexicans in U.S. become a minority, contribute to American culture NEXT

26. SECTION 3 “From Sea to Shining Sea” • Mexico sells land to U.S., the Gadsden Purchase (1853): - costs U.S. $10 million - includes southern New Mexico, Arizona • In 1848, the U.S. extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific Map • President Polk learns gold found in California NEXT

27. Section 4 The California Gold Rush Gold is found in California, and thousands rush to that territory. California quickly becomes a state. NEXT

28. SECTION 4 The California Gold Rush California Before the Rush • Before gold rush, California populated, Native Americans, Californios • Californios—California settlers of Spanish or Mexican descent • Most live on huge cattle ranches • Californio Mariano Vallejo leader of California when owned by Mexico • Swiss man John Sutter granted land by Mexico in Sacramento Valley • Sutter’s carpenter, James Marshall, finds gold on Sutter’s land (1848) NEXT

29. SECTION 4 Rush for Gold • News of gold discovery spreads rapidly, startsCalifornia gold rush • Gold rush occurs when many people move to where gold has been found • Thousands of gold seekers set out to California using one of 3 routes: - sail around South America, up Pacific coast - sail to Isthmus of Panama, crossover, then sail to California - travel overland across North America NEXT

30. SECTION 4 Life in the Mining Camps • Forty-niners—people who go to California to find gold, starting 1849 • Often live in camps with colorful names like Coyote Diggings, Hangtown • Camp life dangerous, mining hard work, few find much gold • Miners pay high prices for supplies, con artists swindle miners NEXT

31. SECTION 4 Miners from Around the World • Two-thirds of miners are Americans, mostly white men Image • Also include Native Americans, free blacks, enslaved African Americans • Many miners come from Mexico, Europe, South America, Australia, China • Chinese miners, mostly peasant farmers who flee region when crops fail • Chinese are patient miners, make “played-out” sites yield profits • American miners resent successful Chinese miners which is the start of racism towards Chinese in the west NEXT

32. SECTION 4 Conflicts Among Miners • Some miners cheat others • Some American miners force Native American, foreign miners to leave • California becomes U.S. state, passes Foreign Miners Tax (1850): - imposes $20 monthly tax on foreign miners - causes miners from other countries leave to their mines • Chinese open shops, restaurants, laundries, settle in San Francisco due to Miners Tax Image NEXT

33. SECTION 4 The Impact of the Gold Rush • During gold rush 250,000 people flood California, over by 1852 • San Francisco becomes center for banking, shipping, trade Image • Gold rush ruins many Californios, Americans seize their property • Thousands of Native Americans die from diseases brought by miners • Anglo-Americans kill thousands of Native Americans .. Just one more injustice out of a thousand against Native Americans Continued . . . NEXT

34. SECTION 4 Continued The Impact of the Gold Rush • Due to gold rush, California has enough people to apply for statehood • California is admitted as free state in 1850 • Outlaws slavery, does not grant African Americans right to vote • Southerners fear California upsets balance between slave, free states • Conflict over issue threatens survival of the Union (State’s Rights) NEXT

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