The rise and fall of the Sun King and the Balance of Power in Europe

1. The rise and fall of the Sun King and the Balance of Power in Europe Absolutism: France

2. Huguenots • Review – What happened in the French Wars of Religion?

3. Henry IV heals France (kinda) • 1598 – Henry IV signs the Edict of Nantes • Allows Protestantism, lets them live in peace • Henry worked hard to rebuild France • Assassinated in 1610 • His son Louis XIII becomes King • Weak king, but had a smart man advising him • Cardinal Richelieu becomes top advisor and later regent: • Limited Protestant rights • Forbade Protestant cities to have walls around them • Limited power of nobility • Forced them to tear down their castles

4. The Sun King: Louis XIV • Most powerful ruler in French history • “L’etat, c’estmoi” – I am the state • At first, the real power was Richelieu’s successor Cardinal Mazarin • Louis XIV was four years old when he became king • But becomes very unpopular with the French due to high taxes • Violent riots (mostly nobility) against Mazarin • Louis bitter about the nobles who rebelled and swore he would weaken them • Nobles rebellion fails for three reasons • Nobles distrusted each other • Government was violent in its response • Peasants and townspeople tired, were willing to live under an absolute monarch

5. Mazarin dies • Louis XIV takes over completely (age 22) • Expelled nobles from all royal government posts • Replaced them with intendants, or government agents • Collected taxes, administered justice • Louis had tight control over them • Gave government money and tax benefits to French companies • High taxes on products imported from other countries • Big focus on French colony in Canada • Raw materials and trade

6. Economic stagnation and war • 1685 cancels the Edict of Nantes with the Edict of Fontainebleau • Thousands of Huguenot craftspeople and merchants left France • Disastrous impact (shrinks 25%) on French economy • Under Louis, France becomes the most powerful nation in Europe • 20 million residents (4 X as many as England, 10X as many as Holland) • France invades Netherlands • Dutch break open their dams, flood the land to prevent France from taking over • France gained very little • War of the Spanish Succession • Charles II dies, no heir, Louis claims the Spanish throne • Allied countries attack France to prevent a merger with Spain (BoP) • 14 year long war • England is the big winner – they get Gibraltar at the tip of Spain which controls access to Mediterranean • War was expensive for France – about $21 billion in debt by end of the war (1715)

9. Soft Power and Versailles • Louis XIV was also known as the Sun King • Ended up reigning for 72 years – longest reign ever • 100 nobles awaited him when he awoke every morning – to wait on him • Having his nobles at court had advantages • Made them dependent on Louis • Kept them away from their homes, making the intendants more powerful • Built Versailles: One of the most magnificent royal palaces in the world • $2.5 billion in today’s dollars to build this • 36,000 laborers and 6,000 horses used to build it; 5,000 acres of gardens

10. Versailles

11. Versailles – King’s bedchamber

12. Chapel at Versailles

13. Gardens at Versailles

14. Versailles – Queen’s bedchamber

15. Versailles – Hall of Mirrors