ASSESSING SURFACE CONTAMINATION AND DERMAL HAZARDS

1. ASSESSINGSURFACE CONTAMINATION AND DERMAL HAZARDS www.skcinc.com

2. Chemicals that can cause dermatitis or skin damage. Chemicals that can enter the body through intact skin and cause toxic effects in various organ systems. DEFINING SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

3. PROPERTIES: Can penetrate or injure the skin Toxic if ingested Inhalation hazard if resuspended Low vapor pressure Can remain on surfaces for prolonged periods DEFINING SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS EXAMPLES: • Amines • Isocyanates • Metal dusts • PCBs and dioxins • Pesticides • VOCs • Acids/bases • Beryllium

4. IDENTIFYING SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) and ACGIH Threshold Limit Values (TLVs®) indicate these hazards with: • SKIN notation • SENSITIZER notation

5. Does NOT denote the capability for the chemical to cause irritation, dermatitis and sensitization. Refers to the potential contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route including absorption through skin, mucous membranes and the eyes. THE SKIN NOTATION

6. THE SKIN NOTATION “Is intended to alert the reader that air sampling alone is insufficient to accurately quantitate exposure and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be required.” +

7. THE ACGIH SENSITIZER NOTATION (SEN) • Is designed to protect workers from becoming sensitized through respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures.

8. Are necessary for those chemicals that have BOTHa low exposure limit and a skin or sensitizer notation. Include process controls, measurement of airborne chemicals, worker training, and a complete dermal exposure reduction program. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

9. A DERMAL EXPOSURE REDUCTION PROGRAM • DETECTION of skin and surface contaminants. • PROTECTION through the proper selection and changing frequency of personal protective equipment. • DECONTAMINATIONof skin, work surfaces, tools, and equipment. • DETERMINATIONof program effectiveness through biological monitoring.

10. WHY SAMPLE? SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

11. To ensure a comprehensive exposure assessment. Dermal sampling along with air sampling and biological monitoring are all components of a comprehensive exposure assessment strategy. WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

12. To select proper personal protective equipment (PPE) particularly hand protection. Surface contamination inside a glove indicates glove failure or improper work practices. Sampling can determine if and why PPE failure occurred and can be used to re-train workers so as to enhance PPE effectiveness. WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

13. To comply with OSHA PPE standard. 1910.138 (b) requires employers to select hand protection on an evaluation of the performance characteristics of the hand protection relative to the task(s) to be performed, conditions present, duration of use and the hazards and potential hazards identified. WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

14. To eliminate take home toxins. Employees’ shoes, glasses, tools and lunchboxes contaminated with hazardous chemicals may be an exposure source for family members. WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

15. WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS • To prevent the inadvertent mixing of incompatible chemicals.

16. To evaluate the effectiveness of decontamination procedures. Sampling can be done initially to determine a “normal” concentration of surface contaminant following a prescribed cleaning regimen. Future samples can be used to document that the ongoing cleaning procedures result in an acceptable surface contaminant level. WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

17. To evaluate non-controlled work areas. Provides documentation that contamination of non-controlled work areas has not occurred from adjacent work areas and activities. WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

18. WHERE TO SAMPLE? SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

19. CONDUCTING AN INVESTIGATIONFOR SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS • Review the published literature to evaluate the potential for skin absorption for the contaminant under study. • Rate specific jobs in regards to the amount and the frequency of exposure. • Conduct a walk-through survey of the work area making an assessment of personal and work area hygiene.

20. CONDUCTING AN INVESTIGATION FOR SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS • Collect a bulk sample of suspect materials and have them analyzed to confirm contents. • Note parts of the skin regularly exposed to contaminants due to machine design or employee work practices. • Note possible contamination of surfaces frequently touched by workers in production areas such as lids, equipment, tools, and switches.

21. CONDUCTING AN INVESTIGATION FOR SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS • Check for cross contamination on cafeteria lunch tables, desktops, doorknobs and changing rooms. • Investigate the potential for exposure from handling contaminated equipment or clothing. • Check for contamination on door handles, seats and flooring of vehicles driven on the job and on the inside of respirators, hard hats, and reusable gloves.

22. HOW TO SAMPLE SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

23. WIPE SAMPLING FOR CHEMICALS ON SURFACES • Is a routine method involving the use of a filter media used dry or wetted with a liquid or solvent specified in the procedure.

24. WIPE SAMPLING MEDIA • Gauze pads-PCBs, Pesticides • Filters-Hexavalent Chromium • Cotton gloves-Pesticides • Cotton balls-2,4 D • Ghost Wipes or Smear Tabs-Metals • Cotton swabs-DNT, TNT • Adhesive labels and cellophane tape-Dust and Mold spores

25. SKC WIPE SAMPLE TEST KITSKC 225-2401A Includes supplies necessary for OSHA Wipe Tests (not including solvents): • Filter media • Sterile bags and sample containers • Latex gloves • Cotton swabs • pH paper • Dropper bottles, templates, and more

26. GHOST WIPESSKC 225-2414 • Ease sample preparation and analysis of surface lead • Hold together in the field even when wiping rough surfaces • Readily and completely dissolve during digestion for complete dispersion of analytes and uniform recoveries • Specified in OSHA Wipe Method ID-125G for metals

27. FOR OSHA Wipe a test area of 100 cm2 SKC offers 10 X 10 cm templates in plastic or paper. (SKC 225-2403/2415) Dry wipes or filter paper wetted only with distilled water should be used for sampling on skin, PPE, and surfaces that contact food. FOR HUD Wipe a test area of 1 ft2 SKC offers 1 X 1 ft templates for HUD Lead Guidelines in plastic or paper. (SKC 225-2406/2416) WIPE SAMPLE COLLECTIONPROTOCOLS

28. SURFACE SAMPLING OF VOLATILE CONTAMINANTS • Wipe sampling is not effective for many volatile contaminants. • For these compounds, surface contamination can be determined using a general survey monitor such as a photoionization detector (PID). SKC 730-series

29. VACUUM SAMPLING FOR PESTICIDES AND METALS • A 3-piece cassette loaded with an appropriate filter and a short length of tubing on the inlet acting as a nozzle is attached to a personal pump at flows of 2-3 L/min.* • A template can be used to vacuum a consistently sized area for data comparison. *Reference: Surface and Dermal Monitoring for Toxic Exposures by Shirley Ness: page 188.

30. ASTM Standards D5755 and D5756 specify a carbon-filled black polypropylene cassette with cowl loaded with an MCE or polycarbonate filter and a short length of tubing on the inlet. The tubing on the inlet serves as a nozzle to vacuum contaminants from a 100 cm2 area at 1-5 L/min followed by transmission electron microscopy. VACUUM SAMPLING FOR ASBESTOS SKC 225-322

31. Lead poisoning continues to be a public health problem particular among children. Rapid, inexpensive surface sampling kits have been developed that allow non-professionals to answer the basic question, “Is lead present?” COLORIMETRIC SWABS FOR LEAD

32. LEAD CHECK SWABSU.S. EPA TESTING • Recognized by U.S. EPA to reliably determine the absence of lead paint. • Detects lead on 96.6% of surfaces tests. • Suitable for surfaces, but activated swabs are not suitable for use on skin. SKC 225-2404

33. LEAD CHECK SWABSNIOSH METHOD 7700 Lead in Air by Chemical Spot Test • Specifies 0.8 um MCE filters at 2 L/min for sample collection. • Lead Check swabs are used to check for the presence of lead on the filter sample. • Laboratory analysis can be done to quantitate levels if colorimetric test is positive.

34. LEAD DETECTION ON SKIN OR SURFACES • Developed by US NIOSH; NIOSH Method 9105 • Licensed by SKC • Scientific breakthrough- Colorimetric wipe for lead on skin or surfaces • Behavior modificationtool-Allows workers to determine if their hand washing has been thorough enough • Limit of ID is 18 ug of lead

35. FULL DISCLOSURE LEAD WIPES Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 SKC 550-001/2

36. COLORIMETRIC SWYPE® SAMPLING • Designed to detect contamination of work surfaces or skin • Formulated to be specific to a particular compound group • Sensitive to levels equal to or below PELs for comparable airborne exposures

37. COLORIMETRIC SWYPE SAMPLING CHEMICAL SPECIFIC TEST KITS • Aromatic Amines • Aliphatic Amines • Aromatic Isocyanates • Aliphatic Isocyanates • Hydrazine • Acids/Bases See www.clilabs.com

38. SURFACE SAMPLING FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS • A swab or filter wetted with sterile water or wash solution is used to wipe a specified area. • Typically, the swab is then used to inoculate a culture plate. • SKC offers a sterile swab kit with swabs in transport tubes and with plastic templates. SKC 225-2402

39. SURFACE SAMPLING FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS SKC microvacuum cassettes with polycarbonate filters are useful for the collection of fungal spores in carpeting or other irregular surfaces using high flow pumps. SKC Carpet Sampling kit includes filters, templates, bags, labels. SKC 225-9540

40. SURFACE SAMPLING FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS • So-called lift tape is often used to collect a sample from surfaces for analysis of fungal spores. • SKC Stick-to-it lift tape consists of a flexible plastic microscope with an adhesive area • Press onto the surface and insert into the plastic mailers for shipment to the lab. SKC 225-9808

41. METHAMPHETAMINE: A NEW SURFACE CONTAMINANT

42. METHAMPHETAMINE: DEFINING THE PROBLEM • Methamphetamine or "meth" is a potent central nervous system stimulant that is highly addictive, cheap, and easy to produce. • Meth is derived from commonly available decongestants and diet aids containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine and cooked in clandestine (illegal) “labs”.

43. TYPICAL METH LAB

44. TYPICAL METH LAB

46. RESPONDING TO METH Health and safety professionals have a role to play in the response and cleanup of clandestine meth laboratories.

47. ROLE OF HEALTH & SAFETY PROS IN METH LABS • To protect first-responders and other personnel from the hazards • To develop health and safety plans for decontamination of buildings/environment • To confirm that appropriate “safe” levels have been met prior to reoccupancy

48. WHO? Law enforcement Fire, Haz-Mat, or ambulance crews Social services Utilities services Landlords Custodial or Housekeeping staff WHERE? Homes Cars Hotel Rooms Storage units Dumpsters Tents/Campsites OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS OF METH

49. SAMPLE COLLECTION • NIOSH reports that air sampling for individual contaminants is only effective during active “cooking” of meth. • The particulate aerosol formed during meth production however deposits onto available surfaces. • A better method for sampling meth after a cook is using surface wipe sampling.

50. NIOSH SURFACE WIPE METHODS FOR METH To evaluate meth surface residue, NIOSH has developed two field detection kits and transferred this technology to SKC for commercial production.