Sentence Combining

1. Sentence Combining English 68 Professor Jean Garrett

2. Sentence Combining Compound Sentences

3. Coordinating Conjunctions • Coordinating conjunctions join two or more complete sentences into one, longer compound sentence. • They join two complete thoughts, and they must be used with a comma. • Look at the previous sentence. • See how a comma comes before the conjunction? That's how they are used. • Remember the coordinating conjunctions with the expression: fanboys.

4. Coordinating Conjunctions ,for = a reason ,and = equal idea or time order ,nor = negative choice or alternative ,but = contrast ,or = choice ,yet = contrast , so = a result

5. Combining Sentences: Using Coordinating Conjunctions to Create Compound Sentences A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses. (Remember, an independent clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb that also expresses a complete thought.) subj.verb Example: Maryhit the ball. { independent clause } Sheran to first base. { independent clause } subj.verb

6. Combining Sentences: Using Coordinating Conjunctions to Create Compound Sentences A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses. Method 1: Two independent clauses can be joined together with a comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) to create a compound sentence. { independent clause } subj.verb Example: Maryhit the ball, andsheran to first base. subj.verb { independent clause }

7. Adverbial Conjunctions(Conjunctive Adverbs) • Adverbial conjunctions join two or more complete sentences into one, longer sentence. • They join two complete thoughts; however, they must be used with a semicolon and a comma. • Look at the previous sentence. • See how a comma semicolon comes before the adverbial conjunction and the comma comes after it? That's how they are used. • Remember the adverbial conjunctions with the expression: hotshotcat.

8. Adverbial Conjunctions(Conjunctive Adverbs) ; however, = contrast ; otherwise, = conditional ; therefore, = reason or result ; similarly, = to compare ; hence, = for a reason ; on the other hand, = contrast ; then = addition or reason ; consequently, = reason or result ; also, = in addition ; thus = reason or result

9. Combining Sentences: Using Adverbial Conjunctions to Create Compound Sentences A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses. Method 2: Two independent clauses can be joined together with a semicolon, a comma and an adverbial conjunction (HOTSHOTCAT) to create a compound sentence. { independent clause } subj.verb Example: Maryhit the ball; hence,sheran to first base. subj.verb { independent clause }

10. Combining Sentences: Using a Semicolon to Create Compound Sentences A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses. Method 3: Two independent clauses can be joined together with a semicolon to create a compound sentence. { independent clause } subj.verb Example: Maryhit the ball; sheran to first base. subj.verb { independent clause }

11. Sentence Combining Complex Sentences

12. Subordinating Conjunctions • Subordinating conjunctions join together two independent thoughts but show a relationship between them by making one of the independent thoughts subordinate. • When complex sentences are created, they make one thought dependent on another independent thought. • Look at the previous sentence. • See how a comma comes after the subordinating clause? That's how they are used. • Remember the subordinating conjunctions with the expression: batwashtub.

13. Subordinating Conjunctions Because = as a result After = time order Though = contrast When/while = time order Although = contrast Since = as a result How = relative pronoun That = relative pronoun Until = time order Before = time order

14. Combining Sentences: Using Subordinating Conjunctions to Create Complex Sentences Subordinating conjunctionscan be used in four ways to create complex sentences. • beginning with a subordinating clause • ending with a subordinating clause • using an essential relative clause • using a nonessential relative clause

15. Combining Sentences: Using Subordinating Conjunctions to Create Complex Sentences A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses which combine ideas of unequal value. Method 1:Subordinating dependent clauses can be used to begin complex sentences. { dependent clause } subj.verb Example: AfterMaryhit the ball,sheran to first base. subj.verb{ independentclause } (Notice that acommafollows thedependent clause.)

16. Combining Sentences: Using Subordinating Conjunctions to Create Complex Sentences A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses which combine ideas of unequal value. Method 2:Subordinating dependent clausescan be used to end complex sentences. { independentclause } subj.verb Example: Mary ran to first base aftershehit the ball. subj.verb { dependent clause } (No commais necessary.)

17. Combining Sentences: Using Relative Clauses to Create Complex Sentences A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses which combine ideas of unequal value. Method 3:A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun such as who, thator which. An essential relative clause can be used to create complex sentences. subj.verb{ dependent clause } Marywas the player whohit the ball and ran to first base. { independentclause }subj.verb verb (Note: If the relative clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence, no commasare needed.)

18. Combining Sentences: Using Relative Clauses to Create Complex Sentences A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses which combine ideas of unequal value. Method 4:A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun such as who, thator which. An nonessential relative clause can be used to create complex sentences. subj.{ dependent clause }.verb Example: John, whohitthe ball,ran to first base. { independentclause }subj.verb{ independentclause } (Note: If the relative clause is not essential to the meaning of the sentence, it is set off with commas.)

19. Sentence Combining Compound-Complex Sentences

20. Combining Sentences: Using Coordinating, Subordinating & Adverbial Conjunctions to Create Compound-Complex Sentences A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Method 1:A compound-complex sentence usually begins with a dependent clause followed by two independent clauses. { dependent clause }subj.verb Example: AfterMaryhit the ball,sheran to first base, subj.verb{ independentclause } { independent clause } andshe finally stopped at second base. subj. Verb (Note: A comma is place after the dependent clause and before the coordinating conjunction between the two independent clauses.)

21. Combining Sentences: Using Coordinating, Subordinating & Adverbial Conjunctions to Create Compound-Complex Sentences A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Method 2:A compound-complex sentence can begin with two independent clauses followed with a dependent clause. { independentclause }subj.verb Example: Maryhit the ball, andsheran to first base subj. verb{ independentclause } { dependent clause } beforeshe finally stopped at second base. subj.verb (Note: A comma is placed before the coordinating conjunction between the two independent clauses.)

22. Combining Sentences: Using Coordinating, Subordinating & Adverbial Conjunctions to Create Compound-Complex Sentences A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Method 3:A compound-complex sentence can consist of two independent clauses and a relative dependent clause. subj. verb {independentclause} Example: Mary, whohit the ball, ran to first base, but subj.{relativeclause }verb { independent clause } she finally stopped at second base. subj. verb (Note: Commas set off the relative clause because it is nonessential, and comma is placed before the coordinating conjunction between the two independent clauses.)

23. Goodbye!!