The Reproductive System

1. The Reproductive System

2. Warm up • Take notes by filling in the blanks

3. Male Reproductive System • TESTES and EPIDIDYMIS • Testes produce male gametes sperm (SPERMATOZOA) and male sex hormone – TESTOSTERONE • Testerone is responsible for secondary male characteristics- deepening of the voice, growth of body hair and increase in muscle mass • Found in pouch of skin called a SCROTUM • Size of a small egg

4. Male Reproductive System • TESTES and EPIDIDYMIS • Made up of 250 lobules, each with coiled SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES – where spermatogenesis (sperm) develop • They join to form the EPIDIDYMIS where sperm are stored – they join at the ductus deferens VAS DEFERENS

5. Male Reproductive System • Descent of the Testes • In embryo, testes formed in the abdomen • During last 3 months, migrate into scrotum • CRYPTORCHIDISM – when testes don’t descend • Rx – surgical procedure before puberty • SCROTUM – sac of skin that contains testes

6. VAS DEFERENS • Runs from epididymis to ejaculatory duct- carries sperm out of the testes • SEMINAL VESICLES connect to vas deferens, secretions nourish sperm • EJACULATORY DUCT – connect vas deferens with urethra • Epydidymis connects the testes to the ductus deferens.

7. PENIS • Contains erectile tissue • End of penis covered by loose fitting skin – FORESKIN • Foreskin removed during CIRCUMCISION

8. PROSTATE GLAND • Surrounds beginning of urethra • Size and shape of a chestnut • Secretes a fluid that enhances sperm motility-if not enough fluid secreted a male can be ______________

9. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS • Located on either side of prostate below prostate • Add alkaline secretion to semen that helps sperm live longer

10. ERECTION AND EJACULATION • Urethra has dual role – excretion of urine and to expel semen • Erection caused when erectile tissue fills with blood • Ejaculation- the discharge of sperm. • IMPOTENCE – unable to copulate

11. Processing • Male Anatomy Labeling • Male Reproductive Organs WS • Male Reproductive Physiology WS • STD Projects

12. Female Reproductive System

13. Warm up • Take notes by filling in the blanks

14. OVARIES • pPrimary sex organs of the female • In lower part of abdominal cavity • About the size of an almond • 2 functions: • produce ova • manufacture female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone.

15. OVARIES • Each ovary contains thousands of microscopic sacs • A single follicle matures every 28 days – an ovum matures inside – during the reproductive years • Reproductive ability begins at puberty – when menarche occurs (first menstrual period) • When the ovum is mature in the follicle, it is released (OVULATION) about 2 weeks before the menstrual period begins • After ovulation, the ovum travels down the fallopian tube

16. OVARIES • Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube, usually within 2 days of ovulation • Following fertilization, the zygote implants in the uterus • Development of follicle controlled by FSH, ovulation caused by LH

17. FALLOPIAN TUBES • 4” long - not attached to ovaries • Passageway for the ova to the uterus • Pregnancy that implants in tube – ECTOPIC PREGNANCY • Smooth muscle and cilia help propel ova into the uterus

18. UTERUS • Hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, highly muscular organ • Lies behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum • FUNDUS – bulging upper part of the uterus, the body is the middle portion, • CERVIX is the narrow portion that extends into the vagina • Uterine wall – 3 layers, outer layer is the visceral peritoneum, thick muscle layer is the MYOMETRIUM, and the inner mucous lining is the endometrium

19. VAGINA • Muscular tube leading from the cervix to the outside of the body with a mucous membrane lining • External Female Genitalia • VULVA – external organs of reproduction • Labia – folds of skin that surround the vagina and protect the vaginal opening. • PERINEUM – area between vagina and rectum • EPISIOTOMY – incision in perineum to make more room for childbirt

20. BREASTS (MAMMARY GLANDS) • Accessory organs • AREOLA – darkened area that surrounds the nipple • Prolactin stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk following childbirth

21. MENSTRUAL CYCLE • The beginning of menses is called Menarche • Occurs every 28 days • Divided into 4 stages • Follicle stage – FSH from pituitary  ovary, stimulates follicle with ovum to mature  releases estrogen and prepares uterine lining, lasts 10 days • Ovulation stage – Pituitary stops FSH and releases LH, 14th day – follicle ruptures and mature ovum released • Corpus luteum stage – Corpus luteum secretes progesterone. If ovum fertilized, corpus luteum continues secrete progesterone, which prevents further ovulation and maintains uterine lining, lasts 14 days • Menstruation stage – If no embryo, corpus luteum dissolves  progesterone  and uterine lining breaks down and is discharged, 3-6 days

22. MENOPAUSE • Monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end at approximately age 50 • Symptoms include: • hot flashes • dizziness and headaches • emotional changes Can be caused prematurely by the removal of the ovaries

23. GERM CELLS (GAMETES) – produced by Ovaries Female gamete = ova Male gonad = testes Male gamete = sperm Female gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and single pair of sex chromosomes – XX Male gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and a single pair of sex chromosomes – XY Conception and Pregnancy

24. FERTILIZATION • During sexual intercourse sperm enter female reproductive tract and live or a day or two • Approximately 100 million sperm in 1 cc of semen – if count less than 20 million, man is sterile • Eventually, one sperm penetrates and fertilizes the ovum • Usually occurs in the fallopian tubes

25. FERTILIZATION • True fertilization occurs when the sperm nucleus combines with the ovum nucleus to form a fertilized egg cell – ZYGOTE • The zygote has 46 chromosomes • It divides, and those cells divide, and so on • Zygote continues to divide as it travels down fallopian tube and is implanted in wall of uterus. • At 7 days, the zygote becomes an embryo • At 3 months, it becomes a fetus • Pregnancy = Prenatal period or GESTATION

26. Pregnancy = Prenatal period or GESTATION • The fetus develops in the uterus. • Normal pregnancy = 40 weeks or 280 days or 9 months • Also divided into 3 trimesters (3 month periods)

27. INFERTILITY When contraception does not occur – caused by damage to fallopian tubes, low sperm count, hormone imbalance, other disorders QUICKENING - first recognizable movement of fetus between 4th and 5th month MISCARRIAGE - Spontaneous Abortion is an unintentional loss of a pregnancy. Reproductive Terms

28. Processing • Female anatomy labeling x4 • Female terminology WS • Projects

29. Reproductive Disorders

30. Warm up • Take notes by filling in the blanks

31. Laproscopy Under anesthesia, Insertion of a lighted instrument through the abdominal wall Tube with a light on it is inserted through tiny incision Can remove tissue with laparoscope MASTECTOMY – surgical removal of the breast MAMMOGRAM – breast x-ray to detect tumors, recommended annually for women  40 VASECTOMY – male sterilization, removal of part of the vas deferens CIRCUMCISION – surgical removal of the foreskin Reproductive Procedures

32. MASTITIS – inflammation of the breast, bacteria enter through the nipple, infection begins in one lobule, may spread redness, swelling and pain in the breast. ENDOMETRIOSIS Endometrial tissue found outside the uterus Abnormal patches of the uterine lining Results in internal bleeding, inflammation of surrounding areas and formation of scar tissue, dysmenorrhea, infertility, heavy or irregular bleeding Cause – unknown Female Reproductive Disorders

33. CERVICAL CANCER Detected by a PAP SMEAR (PAPANICOLAOU) -sample of cell scrapings taken for microscopic study Should be done annually Rx – early detection, hysterectomy, chemotherapy and radiation Breast cancer Most common cancer of women Endometrial cancer Usually occurs after menopause Ovarian cancer Leading cause of cancer death in woman 40-65 Female Reproductive Disorders

34. Amenorrhea Absences of menstruation Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation Premenstrual syndrome Symptoms exhibited just before menstrual cycle Leukorrhea Whitish discharge from the vagina Fibroid tumors Benign growths that occur in the uterine wall Female Reproductive Disorders

35. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Occurs in the reproductive organs and spreads to the fallopian tubes and peritoneal cavity. Treated with antibiotics Salpingitis Inflammation of the fallopian tubes Vaginal yeast infection Caused by fungus Itching, burning, redness, leukorrhea Toxic shock syndrome Bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus Symps – fever, rash, hypotension Cause – use of tampons Rx – antibiotics Infections of the Female Reproductive Organs

36. Male Reproductive Disorders • BPH (BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY) • Enlarged prostate • More than half of men in their sixties and 90% of men in their seventies have some symptoms • Prostate enlarges but capsule does not, causing prostate to clamp down on urethra. • This causes the bladder to become irritable, causing dysuria and urinary retention. • Diagnosis by rectal exam, ultrasound, and cystoscopy • Rx – usually prostatectomy – laser surgery, sometimes no Rx

37. Epididymitis Painful swelling in the groin and scrotum caused by infection Orchitis Infection of the tests; complication of mumps Vasectomy- Male sterilization procedure Prostatitis Infection of the prostate gland Prostate cancer Most common in men over 50 Rectal exam, blood screening test Male Reproductive Disorders

38. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • GENITAL HERPES • Viral • Burning sensation with small blisters on genitalia • Symptoms disappear after 2 weeks but will continue to reappear throughout the lifetime of the individual • Females – may need a c-section to prevent infection of newborn during childbirth

39. Chlamydia Major cause of urethriritis, bacterial vaginitis, and PID Usually no symptoms in females Genital warts On penis shaft or inside of vagina May be asymptomatic Gonorrhea Bacterial Painful urination Pus discharge Females may be asymptomatic Syphilis Bacterial Treated with antibiotics Trichomoniasis Protozoan, treated Treated with antibiotics Sexually Transmitted Diseases

40. Contraception • Method/Effectiveness • Abstinence 100% • Sterilization 100% • ________ _______ _____95-99%-hormones estrogen and progesterone in pills • IUD 93-99% • Diaphragm 90-99% • Condom 85-97% • Spermacides, Douching, Withdrawal and Rhythm???-85%

41. Male – VASECTOMY (Vas Deferens) Female – TUBAL LIGATION (Fallopian Tube) Sterilization

42. Processing • Crossword • Word Scramble • Birth Control article and reader guide • Projects