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The Industrial Revolution

Learn about the Industrial Revolution from the Open Field System to major inventions, the impact on society, and working conditions. Discover how this era shaped modern society and brought both positive and negative effects.

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The Industrial Revolution

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  1. The Industrial Revolution c. 1750 - 1850

  2. Where did we come from? • Open field system – everyone shared land

  3. Where did we come from –cont- • Enclosure system – common land enclosed and divided up • People w/small landholdings couldn’t support themselves • Moved to the city for work

  4. Where did we come from –cont- • Pre-Industrial Production • Domestic system – work was done at home • Textile production moved to factories • Greater demand • Clothing was hard to make

  5. The Industrial revolution begins • In England – why? • Labor – population growth provided workers • Land • Coal and iron supply in England • Colonies = other raw materials • Access to waterways

  6. England’s Empire

  7. IR Begins –cont- • Capital • Stable economy • Colonization • Sympathetic government • Financial institutions • Favorable laws • Successful wars not fought on British soil

  8. IR Begins –cont- • Major inventions • 1733 – flying shuttle – John Kay • Made it possible to weave wider fabrics = increased production

  9. IR Begins –cont- • 1764 – spinning jenny – James Hargreaves • Made it easier to produce yarn

  10. IR Begins –cont- • 1765 – steam engine – James Watt • Applied engines to textile mills

  11. IR Begins –cont- • 1793 – cotton gin – Eli Whitney • Sped up cotton seed removal • Led to increased slavery in US

  12. IR Begins –cont- • Transportation • 1759 – first canal • 1784 – invention of steam locomotive • 1812 – rims on wheels made train usable • Effects of railroads • Cheap, fast transportation • New jobs • Boosted agriculture and fishing industries

  13. Effects on society • Status was previously defined by land and family • Status now defined by wealth or job • Upper class – super rich, nobility • Middle class – business people, professionals • Livable income plus extra $ for luxuries • Valued family, clothing, home

  14. Effects on Society –cont- • Lower Class – teachers, office workers, shop owners • Sufficient income, no surplus • Working Class – factory workers • Better standard of living but poor quality of life

  15. Effects on Society –cont- • Women • Middle class - “cult of domesticity”: responsible for home and child care • Working class – worked in factories and textile industry

  16. Effects on Society –cont- • Increase in cities • No codes • Dark, dirty, crowded housing • Disease • Cholera, tuberculosis • Polluted water

  17. Working Conditions • 14 hour days, 6 days a week • Dangerous and dirty • Use of child labor

  18. Effects of industrialization • Positive • Jobs • Increased wealth • Higher standard of living • Expanded education • Eventually higher pay and shorter hours • Negative • Environmental – deforestation, pollution

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