The Policies of Eisenhower

1. The Policies of Eisenhower By Liz Leathers

2. Who is Eisenhower? Term:34th President of the United States (1953–1961) Born: October 14, 1890, Denison, Texas Full Name: Dwight David Eisenhower Nickname: “Ike” Education: U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York (graduated 1915) Political Party: Republican One of Americas greatest military generals

3. One of Americas greatest military generals.

4. Initial issue: Suez Canal Crisis: Background • July 26, 1956 • Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal. • Had been jointly owned by British-French enterprise since 1869. • offered full economic compensation for the Company. • British and France were outraged by the nationalization.

5. The Eisenhower administration, worried by the prospect of the outbreak of hostilities between its NATO allies and an emergent, influential Middle Eastern power (and the possible intervention of the Soviet Union in such a conflict), attempted to broker a diplomatic settlement of the British-French-Egyptian dispute. • Between August and October • During discussions with the United States the British Government repeatedly hinted that it might resort to force in dealing with Nasser. • At the same time, the British and French held secret military consultations with Israel, who regarded Nasser as a threat to its security, resulting in the creation of a joint plan to invade Egypt and overthrow its President. • The United States voted for U.N. resolutions publicly condemning the invasion and approving the creation of a U.N. peacekeeping force. • On September 9, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles proposed the creation of a Suez Canal Users’ Association (SCUA), an international consortium of 18 of the world’s leading maritime nations, to operate the Canal. • Although SCUA would have given Britain, France, and Egypt an equal stake in the Canal • Multiple U.S. and international mediation efforts failed to win the full support of any of the contending powers.

6. October 23- November 10 • Hungry under the control of the Soviet Union. • Forced into communism • Started as a student demonstration • 1000s of people followed as the university students were on their way to the parliament through Budapest. • Turned violent throughout the capital. Eventually spread throughout all of Hungary. • Government put in place by the Soviet Union fell. Hungarians organized a militia to fight the State Security Police and Soviet Troops. • Hungary wanted free elections and did not want to be part in the Warsaw Pact. • After announcing a willingness to negotiate a withdrawal of Soviet forces, the Politburo changed its mind and moved to silence the revolution. • 2,500 Hungarians killed • 700 soviet troops killed • First anti-Soviet uprising in Eastern Europe. The 1956 Hungarian Revolution

7. There was little the United States could do to help the revolution. • If they did help there was a risk of another global war. • Eisenhower was not willing to go that far. Also he did not wasn’t to jeopardize the improvement of relations with Moscow. • Eisenhower chose to not directly support the revolution in Hungary. • • One of the most successful weapons in the East-West battle for the hearts and minds of Eastern Europe was the CIA-administered Radio Free Europe. In his 1957 State of the Union, he did seek to give refugees some relief. He said, "The recent historic events in Hungary demand that all free nations share to the extent of their capabilities in the responsibility of granting asylum to victims of Communist persecution. I request the Congress promptly to enact legislation to regularize the status in the United States of Hungarian refugees brought here as parolees. I shall shortly recommend to the Congress by special message the changes in our immigration laws that I deem necessary in the light of our world responsibilities. " • In a newspaper interview in 1957, Khrushchev commented "support by United States ... is rather in the nature of the support that the rope gives to a hanged man." Eisenhower's lack of help

8. Eisenhower asked Congress to pass a resolution authorizing him to pledge increased economic and military aid and even direct U.S. protection to any Middle Eastern nation willing to acknowledge the threat posed by international communism. Two months later Congress passed the requested resolution in slightly modified form. By then the policy embodied in the legislation was universally known as the Eisenhower Doctrine. • The doctrine marked America's emergence as the dominant Western power in the Middle East, a role the United States continued to play long after the policy itself had been abandoned. Eisenhower Doctrine January 1957 United States would work with he states in the region o keep it free of communism.

9. The immediate promoter of the Eisenhower Doctrine was the Suez war of late 1956. As a result of this fiasco, Britain was widely regarded as having forfeited its status as the preeminent Western power in the Middle East. • Eisenhower and his secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, believed that Britain's humiliation had left a "vacuum" in the region that the Soviet Union would fill unless the United States took action. • Already Egypt and Syria had concluded military and economic agreements with the Soviet bloc. • Eisenhower Doctrine also sought to contain the radical Arab nationalism of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser and to discredit his policy of "positive neutrality" in the Cold War, which held that Arab nations were entitled to enjoy profitable relations with both Cold War blocs.

10. Another competition in the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Space Race

11. On October 4, 1957, a Soviet R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile launched Sputnik • the world’s first artificial satellite and the first man-made object to be placed into the Earth’s orbit. • Not a pleasant surprise to Americans • Space was seen as a new frontier. 1957: Russia in the Space RaceSputnik(Russian for “Traveler”)

12. In 1958, the U.S. launched its own satellite, Explorer I, designed by the U.S. Army under the direction of rocket scientist Wernher von Braun. • Eisenhower signed a public order creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) • Eisenhower also created two national security-oriented space programs that would operate simultaneously with NASA’s program. • The first, spearheaded by the U.S. Air Force, dedicated itself to exploiting the military potential of space. • The second, led by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Air Force and a new organization called the National Reconnaissance Office was code-named Corona; it would use orbiting satellites to gather intelligence on the Soviet Union and its allies. • the existence of which was kept classified until the early 1990s 1958: U.S in the Space Race

13. Soviet United States Project Mercury: NASA engineers designed a smaller, cone-shaped capsule far lighter than Vostok; they tested the craft with chimpanzees, and held a final test flight in March 1961 before the Soviets were able to pull ahead with Gagarin’s launch. May 5 1961: astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space February 1962: John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth by the end of 1962: project Apollo was in place. Neck and Neck • 1959: the launch of Luna 2 • the first space probe to hit the moon. • April 1961: the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to orbit Earth, traveling in the capsule-like spacecraft Vostok 1. • Meanwhile, the Soviet Union’s lunar landing program proceeded tentatively, partly due to internal debate over its necessity and to the untimely death (in January 1966) of Sergey Korolyov, chief engineer of the Soviet space program.

14. 34,000 NASA employees and 375,000 employees of industrial and university contractors • Set back in January 1967 when three astronauts died when their spacecraft caught fire in a simulation launch. • December 1968:t he launch of Apollo 8, the first manned space mission to orbit the moon • July 16, 1969: U.S. astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin and Michael Collins set off on the Apollo 11 space mission, the first lunar landing attempt. • July 20, 1969: Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon’s surface. Apollo“One small step for man one giant leap for mankind”

15. The United States Technically “won” by landing a man on the moon first. • Astronauts became to be seen as the ultimate “American Hero” • In 1975, the joint Apollo-Soyuz mission sent three U.S. astronauts into space aboard an Apollo spacecraft that docked in orbit with a Soviet-made Soyuz vehicle. When the commanders of the two crafts officially greeted each other, their “handshake in space” served to symbolize the gradual improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations in the late Cold War-era. Conclusion of the Space Race

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