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AGRICULTURAL HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY

AGRICULTURAL HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY. ADVANCEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL HEALTH IN THE PREVIOUS 20 YEARS -EXCERPTS FROM IICA DOCUMENTS PREPARED OR RECEIVED IN 1980-. “Mexico hopes to eliminate all mediterranean fruit flies in their country this year…”

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AGRICULTURAL HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY

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  1. AGRICULTURAL HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY

  2. ADVANCEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL HEALTHIN THE PREVIOUS 20 YEARS -EXCERPTS FROM IICA DOCUMENTS PREPAREDOR RECEIVED IN 1980- “Mexico hopes to eliminate all mediterranean fruit flies in their country this year…” “We should not try to go into those countries (Latin America and the Caribbean) and do the job for them, but help them to help themselves, so that THEY can develop a solid animal health program” “…I see enormous potential… provided the member nations of the OAS have visionary decision-making authorities who can see the benefit to the economy of their nations …”

  3. ADVANCEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL HEALTH IN THE PREVIOUS 20 YEARS -EXCERPTS OF NEEDS IDENTIFIED 20+ YEARS AGO- • “…Adequate budget…” • “…Stable infrastructure…” • “…Sense of urgency…” • “…National and international commitment…” • “…Training technical people…” • “…On-going program of surveillance…” • “…Establish a system of information…” • “…Career ladder incentives…”

  4. AGENT HOST ENVIRONMENT TRADITIONAL FOCUS OF AGRICULTURAL HEALTH

  5. TRADITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL HEALTH AGENT • Disease/pest eradication • Quarantine • Emergency response HOST ENVIRONMENT

  6. TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL HEALTH INSTITUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS • Primary production • Public sector driven • Elimination of disease/pest • Definable problems • Specific skill sets • Substantial technical cost AG. PRODUCTION

  7. TRENDS AFFECTING AGRICULTURAL HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY • Increasing international travel and commerce. • Expanding influence of consumers on production. • Increasing competition. • Declining influence of agriculture in forming policy. • Potential disregard for scientifically based trade decisions.

  8. WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF AGRICULTURAL HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY IN TODAY’S REALITY? PRODUCTION

  9. SCOPE OF AGRICULTURAL HEALTHAND FOOD SAFETY

  10. PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SUSCEPTIBLE TO PINK MEALYBUG El Salvador Guatemala Panama Colombia Costa Rica Honduras % 0 10 20 30 40 50 Source: Pink Mealybug in the Americas. IICA. 1998.

  11. ADDITIONAL GRAIN NEEDED TO SATISFY NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN Tons Years Therefore… Source: USDA 1999. Food security assessment.

  12. IT IS NECESSARY TO INCREASE BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SUPPLIES Tons Tons Therefore… Source: USDA 1999. Food security assessment.

  13. AGRICULTURAL HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY HAVE TO ACHIEVE A BALANCE • To not put domestic production at risk. • To address the increasing importation requirements. In 1999 Miami Airport intercepted 14,000 pests. Source: USDA 2000.

  14. A MARKET CAN BE LOST OVERNIGHT Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak United Kingdom February-March, 2001 • US$366 million/month Source:REUTERS/PA/News/Feb 4, 2001.

  15. SLAUGHTER OF ANIMALS United Kingdom February-March, 2001 Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak • 155,000 animals (bovines, • swines and ovines) Source:PROMED 2001.

  16. UNDESIRED EFFECTS CAUSED BY A FOOD SAFETY CRISIS Cyclosporiasis Guatemala 1998-99 2,800+ people sick Canada and U.S.A. ban imports Blackberry and raspberries Other effects: • Strawberries from California lose market value. • A new sanitary norm: “quick frozen” raspberries from Chile Source: Promed, CDC, EID and FSNet, 1999.

  17. AGENTS ASSOCIATED WITH FOODBORNE DISEASES U.S.A., 1990-97 86,058 sick people Source: CDC. BMN.

  18. COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH DEATH AND FOODBORNE DISEASES 3,241 cases/100,000 people US$ 462 per case Source: CDC. BMN.

  19. AGRICULTURAL HEALTH IS NOT PREPARED TO FACE RE-EMERGING ZOONOSIS In 22/34 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean Tuberculosis Milk Aerosols Milk Aerosols Food Water Source: Zoonotic Tuberculosis in Developing Countries. EID - CDC.

  20. AGRICULTURAL HEALTH IS NOT PREPARED TO FACE EMERGING ZOONOSIS Nipah Virus • In Malasia, 1999-2000 Urine Faeces Saliva Source: Promed.

  21. LOSSES DUE TO NIPAH VIRUS • In Malasia, 1999-2000 • 83 people died in four months • >900,000 swines slaughtered • Cost: US$400 million Source: Promed.

  22. TRADE AND TOURISM CHALLENGE AGRICULTURAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH West Nile Virus New York, 1999 19 human cases 4 dead 4,324 bird cases 57 equine cases Source: Promed

  23. A ZOONOSIS CLOSES DISNEY WORLD Orlando 1997 Equine Encephalitis Source: Promed 1997.

  24. FOOD SAFETY IS CRITICAL IN MAKING DECISIONS ON WHERE TO TRAVEL “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Travelers’ Advisory” Food and waterborne diseases are the #1 cause of illness in travelers. Travelers’ diarrhea can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites, which are found throughout the region and can contaminate food or water. Infections may cause diarrhea and vomiting (E. coli, Salmonella, cholera, and parasites), fever (typhoid fever and toxoplasmosis), or liver damage (hepatitis). Make sure your food and drinking water are safe. Source: CDC.

  25. INTENSIVE SWINE PRODUCTION DECREASES TOURISM In North Carolina it is estimated that tourism loses US $2 billion annually • 2,400 farms produce • 52,000 tons of waste daily Source: North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resouces.

  26. INTENSIVE SWINE PRODUCTION DECREASES TOURISM Tourism generates 250,000 jobs US$ 10.1 billion Hogs generate 8,000 jobs US$ 1.9 billion Source: North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resouces.

  27. INTENSIVE SWINE PRODUCTION CONTAMINATES SUPERFICIAL AND SUBTERRANEAN AQUIFERS In North Carolina 25% of the lagoons have leakages. Source: North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resouces.

  28. INTENSIVE SWINE PRODUCTION CONTAMINATES THE ENVIRONMENT The bad odors decreases property values in Virginia by 20%. Source: Environmental Interest Organization.

  29. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CAN ENTER AT ANY POINT IN THE AGRIFOOD CHAIN • Volcanic eruptions • Wildfires • Smelting • Manufacture of pesticides, herbicides and paper Dioxin > Industry > Market > Consumer Source: OMS, Rachel’s Hazardous Waste News 269, Promed.

  30. DIRECT EFFECTS ON THE AGRIFOOD CHAIN Dioxin In Belgium, 1999 Supplier > > > Market > • Europe suspends imports • Belgium loses US$1,500 million Source of contamination: 97.5% meat and dairy products Source: OMS, Rachel’s Hazardous Waste News 269, Promed.

  31. PAST Production Public sector Diseases/pests Eradication National system PRESENT Food chain Articulation public/public public/private Risk factors Determine and apply standards National system/regional AGRICULTURAL HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

  32. PAST Definable problems Large technical cost Inspection of the product Specific skill sets PRESENT Risk management Institutional investment Systems confidence Multidisciplinary approach AGRICULTURAL HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

  33. RELATIVE ADVANCEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY SYSTEMS TOTAL REGULATORY TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONAL Source:IICA.

  34. SUMMARY • The world of agricultural health is far different than before. • Agricultural health and food safety institutions must adopt a much broader focus. • Support organizations (IDB, IICA) must retool to be effective.

  35. PHASE I: Preparation of “White Paper” to articulate the expanded vision of AHFS. Design and implementation of a program of action. THE MULTIPLES ROLES OF AGRICULTURAL HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY (AHFS) • PHASE II:

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