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The Rise and Fall of Empires in the Eastern Mediterranean: From Sasanids to Arab-Islamic Conquests

This comprehensive study delves into the dynamic history of the Eastern Mediterranean from the Sasanid Empire to the emergence of the Arab-Islamic Empire. It explores significant themes in agriculture, religion, and statecraft, highlighting the complexities of imperial economics and stability. Key topics include the rise and fall of empires, the impact of Christianity and Islam, and the significant socio-religious movements that shaped the region. Through detailed historical analysis, this work sheds light on the interplay of cultures and religions in a pivotal era.

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The Rise and Fall of Empires in the Eastern Mediterranean: From Sasanids to Arab-Islamic Conquests

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  1. I. The Eastern Mediterranean Milieu II. The Sasanid Empire III. Byzantium, Constantinople, and Christianity IV. Muhammad and the Birth of Islam V. The Arab-Islamic Empire

  2. I. The Eastern Mediterranean Milieu • A. Agriculture: The Foundation of Imperial Economics and Stability • Qanats • B. Religion and the Ascendancy of Universalist Faiths • Paganism • Zoroastrianism • Avesta Manichaeism • Mani (216–276 C.E.) • Judaism • Rabbinate • Exilarch • Christianity • Islam Qur’an

  3. II. The Sasanid Empire A. The Empires of Ancient Iran • satraps • Achaemenids (558–330 B.C.E.) Seleucids (323–83 B.C.E.) • Parthians (247 B.C.E.–224 C.E.) • Sasanids • Ctesiphonal-Mada’in • B. The Rise and Fall of the Sasanids Ardashir I (r. 224–241) • defeats Artabanus IV • Shapur (r. 241–272) • Captures Valerian (r. 253–260) • Huns • Mihran family • Rebellion against Khusraw • Yazdegird (r. 632–651) • Defeated by Arabs

  4. II. The Sasanid Empire C. Sasanid Statecraft, Society, and Religion • Royal family • Patriarchal society • Zoroastrianism • Alliance between priests and kings

  5. III. Byzantium, Constantinople, and Christianity A. Constantine and the Early Years of Byzantium Christianity • Edict of Milan—313 C.E. Capital to Constantinople—300 C.E. • Arian heresy • Caesaropapism • B. Justinian’s Imperial Ambitions Justinian (527–565) • Justinian Code • Nika rebellion • Italy • Attempts to retake

  6. III. Byzantium, Constantinople, and Christianity • C. Changing Fortunes, 650–1025 • Arab-Islamic Empire Bulgur Khanate • Constantine V (r. 741–775) • themes • Basil II (r. 976-1025) • “Bulgaroctonus” • D. Constantinople • E. Orthodoxy and Heresypatriarch • Ecumenical Councils • Chalecedon, Nicaea • Monophysites • Iconoclastic dispute • Great Schism

  7. IV. Muhammad and the Birth of Islam • A. Arabia before the Prophet • Christians, Jews Tribal organization • Shaykhs Paganism • Hubal • B. The Prophet Muhammad • Biographers • Muhammad ibn Ishaq (d. c. 770 C.E.) • Abd al-Mali ibn Hisham (d. c. 830 C.E.) • Khadija bint Khuwaylid Yathrib > Medina • Hijra

  8. IV. Muhammad and the Birth of Islam C. The Qur’an • Suras • Five Pillars • Shahada • Prayer • Charity • Observance of Ramadan • Hajj • D. The Sunna of the Prophet and Hadith

  9. V. The Arab-Islamic Empire • A. The Rashidun Caliphs and the Great Fitna • Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634–644) • Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656) Ali ibn AbiTalib (r. 656–661) Division among the Quraysh • Banu Hashim • Banu Abbas • Banu Umayya • Great Fitna • Mu’awiya • Kharijites

  10. V. The Arab-Islamic Empire • B. The Arab-Islamic Conquests • Sa’d ibn Waqqas (d. 670s) • Amr ibn al-As (d. c. 668) Alexandria—641 C.E. • The Umayyad Dynasty • Mu’awiya I (r. 661–680) • Khalifat Allah • Ashraf

  11. V. The Arab-Islamic Empire C. The Umayyad Dynasty • Mu’awiya I (r. 661–680) • Khalifat Allah Ashraf • D. The Second Civil War • Opposed by Kharijites and Sh’ia • Shi’at Ali • al-Husayn • al-Mukhtar • Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr • defeated • E. The Evolution of Arab-Islamic Society in the Near East • Taxation • Jizya Clientage • Mawali • Arabs v. Non-Arabs

  12. V. The Arab-Islamic Empire • F. The Reforms of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan • Military • New coinage • Dome of the Rock • Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (d. 714) • Governor of Iraq • G. Socioreligious Movements • Kharijites • Shi’ites imam • Sunni Islam • Non-Arabs • H. The Fall of the Umayyad Dynasty • Sons of Abd al-Malik • Walid (r. 705–715) • Sulayman (r. 715–717) • Hisham (r. 724–743) • periods of Civil War

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