Dumrong Adunyarittigun , Ph.D. Thammasat University dumrong.a@arts.tu.ac.th

1. Reading Strategies That Work DumrongAdunyarittigun, Ph.D. Thammasat University dumrong.a@arts.tu.ac.th

2. What makes our students unable to understand texts when they read?

3. Agenda 1. What are reading strategies? 2. What needs to be taught? 3. Strategies that work • Skimming and scanning • Figuring out word meaning • KWL • QARs

4. Reading Strategies • Reading strategies are deliberate, goal-directed attempts to control and modify the reader’s efforts to decode text, understand works and construct meanings of text. (Afflerbach, P., Pearson, P. D., & Paris, S. G., 2008, p. 368)

5. What Needs to Be Taught? • What is the reading strategy about? • When and why to use it? • How to use it?

6. A model of explicit instruction by Pearson and Gallagher (1983)

7. Reading Strategies • Activating prior knowledge • Guessing word meaning from contexts • Identifying main ideas • Locating important information • Identifying word reference • Drawing inferences • Understanding authors’ stance

8. Skimming is reading quickly in order to get a general idea of what readers are going to read. • Use textual clues such as titles, subtitles, italicized or underlined words. • Read the introduction. • Read the first sentence of every paragraph, which frequently, although not always, contains the main idea. • Read the summary or conclusion at the end of the passage.

9. What is this article about? It is about amnesia.

10. Scanning is reading quickly in order to locate specific information. The steps involved in scanning are the following (Baudoin et al., 1993): • Decide exactly what information you are looking for, and think about the form it may take. • Decide where you need to look to find the information you want. • Move your eyes as quickly as possible until you find the information you need.

11. What is amnesia? It is the partial or total loss of memory which is caused by brain injury or shock. • What will happen to the patient with amnesia if he or she is not treated? It will make him or her unable to remember things partially or completely

12. In paragraph 4, who could identify a middle-aged man who came out of a park in Seattle as Edward Lightheart? An English teacher in Shanghai • What did Dr. Lightheart do? He was an international public relations consultant.

13. Word Meaning • A strong relationship between vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension (Anderson, & Freebody, 1985; Brett, Rothlein, & Hurley, 1996).

14. Dealing with Unfamiliar Words Types of Context Clues • Punctuations • Definition • Examples • Synonyms • Antonyms • Clues from another sentence

15. Punctuations Dashes. Examples: • Products provide form utility—the transformation of raw materials or labor into a finished good or service that the consumer desires. • Small businesses, which operate in many of the same areas as large businesses, are mainstays of most economies. Most are started by entrepreneurs—persons willing to take risks to pursue innovation and business opportunities in an uncertain environment.

16. Every manager’s job entails a key responsibility: to help an organization achieve high performance through the utilization of all its resources, both human and material. This is accomplished through the process of management—formally defined as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the use of resources to accomplish performance goals. • Functional illiteracy—the inability to read and write well enough to carry out every day activities—is a complex social problem that comes from several sources.

17. Parentheses • Doctors are worried that if carpal tunnel syndrome is ignored (carpal refers to the bones in the wrist), it can lead to long-term disability. • To stay healthy, experts encourage people to consume fruits and vegetables. For maximum benefit, this should be combined with an overall reduction of dietary fat (including meats and cheeses) and a regular program of physical activity.

18. Comma • The next two elements together constitute what is commonly called a SWOT analysis, an analysis of organizational strengths and weaknesses, as well as environmental opportunities and threats. • Success in the highly competitive business environments, in particular, depends on entrepreneurship, a term used to describe strategic thinking and risk-taking behavior that results in the creation of new opportunities for individuals and/or organizations. • Culture shock, the confusion and discomfort a person experiences when in an unfamiliar culture, is a reminder that many of these differences must be mastered just to travel comfortably around the world.

19. Definition • Amnesia is the partial or total loss of memory, usually caused by brain injury or shock. • Employment at will means that the employment relationship can be started or terminated at any time by either the employee or the employer for any reason. • Planningis formally defined as a process of setting “objectives” and deciding how to accomplish them. Objectives, in turn, are the specific results or goals that one wishes to achieve.

20. Examples • Employee benefits are rewards such as retirement plans, insurance, sick leave, child care and elder care, and tuition reimbursement, provided entirely or in part at the company’s expense.

21. My family is very musical. For example, my sister plays the violin; my father plays the piano; and my mother sings.

22. Systematic thinking approaches problems in a rational and analytical fashion. For example, this way of thinking involves breaking a complex problem into smaller components and then addressing them in a logical and integrated fashion. Managers using systematic thinking can be expected to make a plan before taking action and then to search for information to facilitate problem solving in a step-by-step fashion.

23. Synonyms • If the experimental results do not prove the hypothesis to be wrong, a theory, or a scientific explanation based on experimentation, can be established. • What criteria or standards should we use to judge your work? • The writing point of the pen should allow the ink to flow evenly while the pen remains in contact with the paper. This will create a smooth line of writing, with no skips or gaps that indicate an irregular flow of ink within the pen.

24. Antonyms • Unlike the dowdy customer, the salesperson was neat and clean. • Altruism is listed as one of Maslow’s qualities of a self-actualized person. However, selfishness is not included in Maslow’s hierarchy, and would certainly not be associated with a self-actualized person.

25. Clues from another sentence • Theory X assumes that employees dislike work and whenever possible try to avoid it. So, managers must coerce or control them or threaten punishment to achieve the organization’s goals.

26. What is K-W-L? • Ogle (1986) developed K-W-L as an instructional method designed to teach cognitive strategies that lead to improved reading comprehension.

27. K: What do you know? • W: What do you want to know? • L: What did you learn?

28. KWL Chart

29. Why K-W-L? • The method helps activate students’ prior knowledge and arouse their curiosity • The method creates a context that nurtures the increased use of self-monitoring and metacognitive awareness. • The instruction takes place within the context of dialogue between the expert—either teachers or more capable readers, and less capable readers.

30. QAR QAR: Question-Answer Relationships QARs was developed by Raphael (1982) as a procedure for enhancing students’ ability to answer comprehension questions

31. Types of Questions • Right there • Think and search • Author and you • On my own

32. Right there: the answer is in the text. The information to be used for the most appropriate response is stated explicitly in the text.

33. Think and search (Put it together) The information to be used for the response is drawn from different parts of the text.

34. Author and you Think about what you already know and what the author tells you in the text, and how it fits together.

35. On my own: the response information is located in the reader’s knowledge base.

36. 4 Principles of Instruction • Give immediate feedback • Progress from shorter to longer texts • Begin with questions for which the task demand is straightforward and go on to questions that require the use of multiple sources • Develop independence by beginning with group learning and progressing to independent activities (Tierney & Cunningham, 1984)

37. References Ogle, D. (1986). K-W-L: A teaching model that develops active reading of expository text. The Reading Teacher, 39, 564-570. Raphael, T. E. (1982). Question-answering strategies for children. The Reading Teacher, 36, 186-190. Tierney, R. J., & Cunningham, J. W. (1984). Research on teaching reading comprehension. In P.D. Pearson, R. Barr, M. L. Kamil, & P. Mosenthal (Eds.), Handbook of reading research. New York: Longman.