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Hope & Optimism: A Synthesis

Hope & Optimism: A Synthesis. Kevin L. Rand Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis. Hope & Optimism are Good. Hope Optimism.  Depressive Symptoms x x  Anxiety Symptoms x x  Positive emotions x x Positive appraisal of stress x x  Adaptive coping x x

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Hope & Optimism: A Synthesis

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  1. Hope & Optimism: A Synthesis Kevin L. Rand Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis

  2. Hope & Optimism are Good Hope Optimism •  Depressive Symptoms x x •  Anxiety Symptoms x x •  Positive emotions x x • Positive appraisal of stress x x •  Adaptive coping x x •  Academic performance x x •  Athletic performance x •  Post-illness adjustment x x •  Pain tolerance x

  3. Are Hope & Optimism the Same? • Hope & Optimism strongly associated • r ~ .50 (Snyder et al., 1991) • r ~ .80 in latent space (Bryant & Cvengros, 2004) • Similar patterns of association • Aspinwall & Leaf (2002) • Frequently conflated in literature • Peterson & Seligman (2004) • There is a need to clarify distinctions • Tennen, Affleck, & Tennen (2002)

  4. Distinguishing Hope & Optimism • Magaletta & Oliver (1999) • EFA: pathways, agency, optimism, & self-efficacy are distinct • Hope scores predicted general well-being beyond optimism & self-efficacy • Bryant & Cvengros (2004) • CFA: hope & optimism are distinct, 2nd-order constructs • Hope =  self-efficacy • Optimism =  positive reappraisal

  5. Synthesizing Hope & Optimism Distinguishing Hope & Optimism LOT1 LOT4 LOT10 LOT3 LOT9 LOT7 Negative Exp. Positive Exp. Optimism ? Hope Agency Pathways AHS1 AHS6 AHS8 AHS9 AHS10 AHS12 AHS4 AHS2

  6. Study Method • Sample • 345 students in undergraduate psychology class • 59.4% female; 78.6% Caucasian • Mean age = 19.77 years (SD = 2.29 years) • Measures • Hope (AHS), Optimism (LOT-R) • High School GPA • Grade Expectancy (e.g., “I predict my final grade = 70%”) • Final Class Grade • Procedure • Start of semester: Self-report questionnaire • End of semester: course grade from instructor

  7. .67 .66 .45 .65 .27 .50 LOT1 LOT4 LOT10 LOT3 LOT9 LOT7 .74 .85 .57 .59 .59 .71 .04 .34 1.0* Negative Exp. Positive Exp. -.81** .98* HS GPA .25 Optimism .24 1.0* .87 .25 Goal Attitude .22 Class Grade .22 .87 .19 Hope .77* .31 .24 Grade Exp. .72* .98* .82* Agency Pathways .49 .04 2(113, n=312) = 202.49; RMSEA = .052; SRMR=.050; CFI=.97 .49 .48 .44 .66 .58 .68 .79 .70 AHS1 AHS6 AHS8 AHS9 AHS10 AHS12 AHS4 AHS2 .77 .81 .56 .66 .54 .76 .38 .51

  8. Synthesized Model of Hope & Optimism • Goal Attitude: Global belief that the act of pursuing goals is worth the effort required to do so • Goal Attitude has two facets: • Hope = Beliefs about the self • Pathways = Appraisal of one’s abilities • Agency = Appraisal of one’s available energy/motivation • Optimism = Beliefs about the world • Positive Expectancy = There are good things in the world to approach • Negative Expectancy = There are bad things in the world to avoid

  9. Future Questions • Does optimism uniquely influence expectancies for events perceived to be outside of one’s control? • Are hope and optimism influenced by attachment? • Avoidance vs. Anxiety • Do hope and optimism have separate mechanisms for influencing well-being? • Appraisals • Optimism → Primary Appraisal • Hope → Secondary Appraisal • Coping • Optimism → Mental Accommodation • Hope → Problem Solving

  10. Extra Slides

  11. Adult Hope Scale HOW TRUE IS EACH STATEMENT OF YOU 1= Definitely False 4= Slightly False 5= Slightly True 8= Definitely True ___ 1. I can think of many way to get out of a jam. P ___ 2. There are lots of ways around any problem. P ___ 3. I can think of many ways to get the things in life that are important to me. P ___ 4. Even when others get discouraged, I know I can find a way to solve the problem. P ___ 5. I energetically pursue my goals. A ___ 6. My past experiences have prepared me well for my future. A ___ 7. I’ve been pretty successful in life. A ___ 8. I meet the goals that I set for myself. A

  12. Life Orientation Test-Revised To what extent is each item generally true for you 1= Not True……………………………………………………5= Very True ___ 1. In uncertain times, I usually expect the best. O ___ 2. I’m always optimistic about my future. O ___ 3. Overall I expect more good things to happen to me than bad. O ___ 4. If something can go wrong for me it will. P ___ 5. I hardly ever expect things to go my way. P ___ 6. I rarely count on good things happening to me. P

  13. Theoretical Overlap Hope Optimism • Cognitively-based trait x x • Future oriented x x • Expectancy-value model x x • Explicit internal influence x x • Explicit external influence x • Explicit emotional etiology x • Influence appraisals x x • Influence coping responses x x • Influence well-being x x

  14. .65 .62 .57 .68 .60 .51 LOT1 LOT4 LOT10 LOT3 LOT7 LOT9 .59 .62 .66 -.57 -.63 -.70 2(77, n=360) = 505.10; RMSEA = .12; GFI = .83; NNFI = .86; CFI=.88 Future Orientation 1.0* .41 .57 .43 .64 .56 .48 .37 .63 AHS1 AHS6 AHS4 AHS8 AHS2 AHS9 AHS10 AHS12 .83 .68 .81 .59 .69 .77 .86 .60

  15. .60 .58 .48 .54 .35 .31 LOT1 LOT4 LOT10 LOT3 LOT7 LOT9 .64 .65 .72 .68 .81 .83 1.0* 1.0* -.44 .68 Pessimism Optimism 2(71, n=360) = 180.74; RMSEA = .07; GFI = .93; NNFI = .95; CFI=.96 -.80 -.56 .68 .65 Pathways 1.0* 1.0* Agency .61 .66 .55 .73 .71 .66 .55 .73 AHS1 AHS6 AHS4 AHS8 AHS2 AHS9 AHS10 AHS12 .63 .57 .70 .46 .49 .56 .69 .47

  16. .58 .58 .47 .54 .35 .32 LOT1 LOT4 LOT10 LOT3 LOT9 LOT7 .73 .81 .65 .65 .68 .82 .16 .34 Pessimism Optimism -.81** .92* 2(72, n=360) = 188.93; RMSEA = .067; GFI = .98; NNFI = .96; CFI=.97 General Optimism 1.0* .82 Hope 1.0* .77* .84* Agency Pathways .41 .29 .54 .54 .61 .73 .65 .66 .73 .71 AHS1 AHS6 AHS8 AHS9 AHS10 AHS12 AHS4 AHS2 .70 .63 .47 .57 .57 .70 .46 .50

  17. .57 .57 .49 .54 .35 .32 LOT1 LOT4 LOT10 LOT3 LOT9 LOT7 .71 .81 .65 .66 .68 .82 .16 .40 Pessimism Optimism -.77** .92* 2(73, n=360) = 219.02; RMSEA = .075; GFI = .97; NNFI = .94; CFI=.95; 2(1, n=360) = 30.09, p < .001 General Optimism 1.0* 1.0* Hope 1.0* .70* .75* Agency Pathways .51 .44 .54 .57 .62 .71 .65 .65 .74 .71 AHS1 AHS6 AHS8 AHS9 AHS10 AHS12 AHS4 AHS2 .68 .61 .49 .57 .58 .71 .45 .49

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