Chapter 23 World War I The student will understand the general causes of WWI, and the

1. Chapter 23 World War I The student will understand the general causes of WWI, and the events and causes that led to U.S. entry into the war. AL COS 11th grade #5 • READ “LIFE IN THE TRENCHES” (in the closet). WWI music http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/1914.htm http://www.emory.edu/ENGLISH/LostPoets/B37.html for quicktime

2. Four causes of War were alliances, imperialism, militarism, and nationalism. Alliances: designed for nations to increase safety, but instead led to the splitting of Europe and an automatic declaration of war among the countries

4. Imperialism:The competition to grab colonies in the world increased the chance of war.

6. Militarism: aggressively building up one’s military in preparation for war. Battleships: the most powerful Naval weapon of its day German submarine

7. Nationalism: intense pride for one’s homeland, was a powerful idea in Europe in the late 1800s.  • The right to self-determination, the idea that people who belong to a nation should have their own country and government, was a basic idea of nationalism.  • This idea led to a crisis in the Balkans where different national groups within the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires began to seek independence. (pages 577–580) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

8. The Serbs: in 1908, became furious when Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia (test). • One group formed because of this was the Black Hand.

9. The DISPUTED AREA BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR!

10. II. “The Spark” GET SHEET OF EVENTS Causes Francis Ferdinand: assassinated by Gavrilo Princep of the Black Hand which was “the spark” or immediate cause that started WWI (1914-1919).

11. Gavrilo Princip • Gavrilo Princip was the son of a postman. • He was the youngest out of a huge family, they didn’t have very much money. • He was diagnosed at a young age with tuberculosis and that is why he decided to kill Ferdinand. • “I want my life to be remembered.”-Princip

13. Afterwards…. • After Gavrilo was arrested and the Archduke was murdered, Serbia started writing apologetic letters to Austria- Hungary. • First, Serbia had to make sure that Germany was going to keep its military alliance. • Austria- Hungary made several demands and gave Serbia only 48 hours to respond, they accepted all demands.

14. mobilization: readying troops for war. (GRE) Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey).

15. Allies: Russia, France, Serbia, Great Britain and, later, the U.S. (1917).

16. Causes of World War I • “The Spark” that leads to World War I • Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo, June 28, 1914 in car. • Gavrilo Princip (of the Black Hand), a Serbian nationalist, shoots Ferdinand. • Germany issues Austria-Hungary reassurance or a “blank check.” • Austria-Hungary threatens Serbia and mobilizes July 1914. • Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. • Russia mobilizes in response to the threat to Serbia on July 30, 1914. • Germany reacts to Russia’s mobilization and mobilizes. • Germany declares war on Russia on August 1, 1914. • France and Great Britain mobilize as promised in their Triple Entente agreement. • Germany declares war on France, August 3, 1914. • Germany invades neutral Belgium in order to attack France, August 3, 1914. • Britain declares war in response to this invasion on August 4, 1914. • WORLD WAR I BEGINS.

17. Schlieffen Plan: Germany general’s plan to fight a two front war. It failed.

18. stalemate: a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage; caused in part because of old war strategies and new weapons. This would describe the western front for the first few years of the war. TRENCH WARFARE

19. You Don’t Say 3-1a Stalemate A stalemate occurs in the game of chess when one player cannot make any move without putting his or her king in a position to be captured, and thus lose the game. It is an apt term for the deadlock along the Western Front.

20. On Christmas Day 1914, the fighting stopped, and British and German soldiers met in no-man’s-land to chat, play soccer, and pose for photographs. Officers quickly ended these goodwill meetings and the soldiers returned to war.

21. Aerial view of France and trenches

22. The Trench System Blake Crosby’s PowerPoint for next 8 slides. • Trenches were most important because of their defensive value. • Trenches have been being used since the beginning of warfare. • Soldiers are always looking for a safe place to stay during wars, and for the most part trenches were the answer.

23. Fire Trench • The Fire Trench was the closest to the enemy. • Fire Trenches were usually reinforced by sandbags for extra protection. • Fire Trenches had a special step so the soldiers could see over the trench walls. http://www.liverpoolscottish.org.uk/1914fielddefencetrenchtype1.jpg

24. Saps • Saps were very small trenches that came out as far as the officers would put them. • They were for surveillance and early warning. • Soldiers could pick up valuable information from the saps.

25. No Man’s Land • No Man’s Land was the area between the trenches. • In No Man’s Land there was barbed wire, artillery, and gas. • It was the most dangerous place in the war.

26. Snipers • Snipers were set in the trenches also they would help the machine guns take out the charging troops • They didn’t have very good range but were very good shots. • They could only shoot a few times before the enemy was upon them

27. Machine Guns • The machine guns took more lives of the charging troops than anything else • They would take out thousands at a time • They rapidly shot until they were over ran by enemy troops

28. Aerial view of France and trenches

29. Lachrymator (tearing agent) Much like today's tear gas and mace, this gas caused temporary blindness and greatly inflamed the nose and throat of the victim. A gas mask offered very good protection from this type of gas. xylyl bromide was a popular tearing agent since it was easily brewed. Asphyxiant These are the poisonous gases. This class includes chlorine, phosgene and diphosgene. Chlorine inflicts damage by forming hydrochloric acid when coming in contact with moisture such as found in the lungs and eyes. It is lethal at a mix of 1:5000 (gas/air) whereas phosgene is deadly at 1:10,000 (gas/air) - twice as toxic! Diphosgene, first used by the Germans at Verdun on 22-Jun-1916, was deadlier still and could not be effectively filtered by standard issue gas masks. Blistering Agent Dichlorethylsulphide: the most dreaded of all chemical weapons in World War I - mustard gas. Unlike the other gases which attack the respiratory system, this gas acts on any exposed, moist skin. This includes, but is not limited to, the eyes, lungs, armpits and groin. A gas mask could offer very little protection. The oily agent would produce large burn-like blisters wherever it came in contact with skin. It also had a nasty way of hanging about in low areas for hours, even days, after being dispersed. A soldier jumping into a shell crater to seek cover could find himself blinded, with skin blistering and lungs bleeding. List of gases used in World War I benzyl bromide German, tearing, first used 1915 bromacetone Both sides, tearing/fatal in concentration, first used 1916 carbonyl chloride (phosgene) both sides, asphyxiant, fatal with delayed action, first used 1915 chlorine both sides, asphyxiant, fatal in concentration, first used in 1915, cylinder release only chloromethyl chloroformate both sides, tearing, first used in 1915, artillery shell chloropircin both sides, tearing, first used in 1916, artillery shell (green cross I) cyanogen (cyanide) compounds allies/Austria, asphyxiant, fatal in concentration, first used in 1916, artillery shell dichlormethylether German, tearing, first used 1918, artillery shell dibrommethylethylketone German, tearing, fatal in concentration, first used in 1916 dichloroethylsulphide (mustard gas) both sides, blistering, artillery shell (yellow cross) diphenylchloroarsine German, asphyxiant, fatal in concentration, (dust - could not be filtered), first used in 1917, artillery shell (blue cross) diphenylcyonoarsine German, more powerful replacement for blue cross, first used in 1918 ethyldichloroarsine German, less powerful replacement for blue cross, first used in 1918, artillery shell (yellow cross I, green cross III) ethyl iodoacetate British, tearing, first used in 1916 monobrommethylethylketone German, more powerful replacement for bromacetone, first used 1916 trichloromethylchloroformate (diphosgene) both sides, asphyxiant, fatal with delayed action, first used 1916 xylyl bromide German, tearing, first used 1915

30. Commanding Officers • With life in the trenches the officers were in charge • They commanding officer would yell over the top and lead his men into No mans land • The officer second in command would stay behind and kill the men that didn’t go over the top

31. Disease in the trenches • The most common disease in the trenches was Trench Foot • This disease was basically rotting of the foot • This disease made it very hard for the soldiers to fight

32. soldiers-learn-to-pack video

35. III. American Reaction A. Call for neutrality –most Americans wanted to ensure that the U.S. could stay out of the war B. Pro-British groups and arguments C. Pro-German groups

36. American response: many felt personally involved since they were first or second generation immigrants from the fighting countries. Also, some Americans saw the Germans as possessing militarism and cold-blooded efficiency. Autocrat: a ruler with unlimited power.

37. IV. Difficulties of neutrality A. British treatment of U.S. B. German treatment of U.S. 1. Financed espionage in American war plants 2. Germany continued sinking American ships 3. Tried to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

38. C. Lusitania note (see AH book; neutral ship?) D. Further movement away from neutrality 1. Financial links—the U.S. began to lend money to the Europeans in 1915 because Wilson feared the economic, financial, and social consequences of American industry’s failing to secure European business

39. 1914 Allied: 824,860,237 Central: 169,289,777 1915 Allies: 1,991,747,493 Central: 11,878,153 1916 Allies: 3,214,480,547 Central: 279,786,219

40. American businesses: favored war with Germany because of the huge loans to the Allies.

41. 2. British propaganda—effective in turning the U.S. against Germany

42. British propaganda: contributed to shifting U.S. public opinion by portraying Germans as uncivilized. U-boats were also considered uncivilized (GRE) .

43. British Propaganda www.firstworldwar.com

44. 3. Election of 1916—main issue was the war in Europe Woodrow Wilson: ran on the slogan in the 1916 election “He kept us out of war.” 4. Lusitania note--U.S. demands that Germany cease unrestricted submarine warfare.

45. Lusitania: a British passenger liner that was sunk by a U-boat, killing 1195 passengers including 128 Americans (GRE).

46. 5. Sussex pledge—German promise to warn ships before sinking

47. ` Sussex pledge: the German government again promised that U-boats would warn ships before attacking. They would break this promise. But the German government gambled that they could end the war before the U.S. would enter. May 31, 1916:”visit and search rules” Germany demands same of GB. Resume Jan. 31, 1917 unrestricted warfare

48. U-boat: German submarine; considered uncivilized to not give warning. Unterseeboot 1917: 146 u-boats on patrol UC 44 Class U-boat: 1) Aft torpedo tubes 2) Electric motor 3) Main engine 4) Control room 5) Mine tubes 6) Forward torpedo tubes 7) Crew quarters

49. 6. Unrestricted U-boat warfare— German resumed it believing that they could win the war before U.S. troops reached the front (1917) -germans-attack-us-navy-boats