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Report on KM3NeT Activities

ApPEC PRC Meeting, Open Session, 20.01.2005, Barcelona:. Report on KM3NeT Activities. Uli Katz Univ. Erlangen. Introduction Current Deep-Sea Projects Aiming at a km 3 Detector in the Mediterranean The KM3NeT Design Study Towards the KM3NeT Collaboration Summary and Outlook. KM3NeT.

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Report on KM3NeT Activities

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  1. ApPEC PRC Meeting, Open Session, 20.01.2005, Barcelona: Report on KM3NeT Activities Uli Katz Univ. Erlangen Introduction Current Deep-Sea Projects Aiming at a km3 Detector in the Mediterranean The KM3NeT Design Study Towards the KM3NeT Collaboration Summary and Outlook KM3NeT

  2. The Neutrino Telescope World Map KM3NeT Activities

  3. Particle and Astrophysics with n Telescopes KM3NeT Activities

  4. ANTARES: Detector Design • String-based detector; • Underwater connectionsby deep-sea submarine; • Downward looking PMs,axis at 45O to vertical; • 2500 m deep. 25 storeys, 348 m 14.5m 100 m Junction Box KM3NeT Activities

  5. ANTARES: Status and Way to Completion • 2003: Deployment and operation of two prototype lines. • Several months of data taking. • Technical problems(broken fiber, water leak) → no precise timing, no m reconstruction. • Early 2005: 2 upgradedprototype lines; • Mid-2005: Line 1; • 2007: Detector completed. KM3NeT Activities

  6. NESTOR: Rigid Structures Forming Towers • Tower based detector(titanium structures). • Dry connections(recover - connect - redeploy). • Up- and downward looking PMs. • 3800 m deep. • First floor (reduced size) deployed & operated in 2003. 32 m diameter 30 m between floors 144 PMs KM3NeT Activities

  7. (1/N)dN/dcos(θ) M.C. Prediction Data Points Zenith Angle (degrees) NESTOR: Measurement of the Muon Flux Atmospheric muon flux determination by reweighting MC simulation to observed raw zenith distribution using Result: a = 4.7 ± 0.5 (stat.) ± 0.2 (syst.) I0 = [ 9.0 x 10-9 ± 0.7 x 10-9 (stat.) ± 0.4 x 10-9 (syst.)] cm-2 s-1 sr-1 (754events) KM3NeT Activities

  8. The NEMO Project • Extensive site exploration(Capo Passero near Catania, depth 3340 m) • R&D towards km3: architecture, mechanical structures, readout, electronics, cables ... • Simulation Example: Flexible tower • 16 arms per tower, 20 m arm length,arms 40 m apart • 64 PMs per tower • Underwater connections • Up- and down-looking PMs KM3NeT Activities

  9. NEMO: Phase-1 Test • Site at 2000 m depth identified. • Test installation foreseen with all critical detector components. • Funding ok. • Completion expected by 2006. KM3NeT Activities

  10. Aiming at a km3-Detector in the Mediterranean HENAP Report to PaNAGIC, July 2002: • “The observation of cosmic neutrinos above 100 GeV is of great scientific importance. ...“ • “... a km3-scale detector in the Northern hemisphere should be built to complement the IceCube detector being constructed at the South Pole.” • “The detector should be of km3-scale, the construction of which is considered technically feasible.” KM3NeT Activities

  11. Scientific Goals • Astronomy via high-energy neutrino observation • Production of high-energy neutrinos in the universe (acceleration mechanisms, top-down scenarios, . . . ); • Investigation of the nature of astrophysical objects; • Origin of cosmic rays; • No extraterrestric high-energy neutrinos observed so far → Predictions have large uncertainties. • Indirect search for dark matter. • New discoveries. • Associated science. KM3NeT Activities

  12. Sky Coverage of Neutrino Telescopes South Pole Mediterranean Region of sky seen in galactic coordinates assuming 100% efficiency for 2 down. Mkn 421 Mkn 501 Mkn 501 Not seen CRAB CRAB VELA SS433 SS433 Not seen GX339-4 Galactic Center → We need n telescopes in both hemispheres to see the whole sky KM3NeT Activities

  13. How to Design a km3 Deep-Sea n Telescope A major R&D project is needed! KM3NeT Activities

  14. Some Key Questions • Which architecture to use? (strings vs. towers vs. new design) • How to get the data to shore?(optical vs. electric, electronics off-shore or on-shore) • How to calibrate the detector?(separation of calibration and detection units?) • Design of photo-detection units?(large vs. several small PMs, directionality, ...) • Deployment technology?(dry vs. wet by ROV/AUV vs. wet from surface) • And finally: The site choice/recommendation! KM3NeT Activities

  15. The KM3NeT Design Study (EU FP6) Design Study for a Deep-Sea Facility in the Mediterranean for Neutrino Astronomy and Associated Sciences • Initial initiative Sept 2002 (ApPEC meeting, Paris). • Intense discussions and coordination meetingsfrom beginning of 2003 on. • VLVnT Workshop, Amsterdam, Oct 2003. • ApPEC review, Nov 2003. • Inclusion of sea science/technology institutes (Jan 2004). • Proposal submission 04.03.2004. • Evaluation report received June 2004 (overall mark: 88%). • Unofficial but reliable message (Sept. 2004):The KM3NeT Design Study will be funded ! • Currently waiting for EU budget allocation (transfer between calls and from 2006 to 2005). KM3NeT Activities

  16. KM3NeT Design Study Participants • Cyprus: Univ. Cyprus • France: CEA/Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3 (CPP Marseille, IreSStrasbourg), IFREMER • Germany: Univ. Erlangen, Univ. Kiel • Greece: HCMR, Hellenic Open Univ., NCSR Democritos, NOA/Nestor, Univ. Athens • Italy: CNR/ISMAR, INFN (Univs. Bari, Bologna, Catania, Genova, Messina, Pisa, Roma-1, LNS Catania, LNF Frascati), INGV, Tecnomare SpA • Netherlands: NIKHEF/FOM • Spain: IFIC/CSIC Valencia, Univ. Valencia, UP Valencia • UK: Univ. Aberdeen, Univ. Leeds, Univ. Liverpool, John Moores Univ. Liverpool, Univ. Sheffield Particle/Astroparticle institutes –Sea science/technology institutes–Coordinator KM3NeT Activities

  17. KM3NeT Design Study: Evaluation Results • Evaluation summary report received in June 2004 • Evaluation by 4 independent experts, marks are averages. • Results: • European added value 4.6 • Scientific and technological excellence 4.2“one would have liked to have seen more discussion of their [ANN] results”; “it is quite difficult to ascertain the time scale to reach the goals [of the DS]” • Relevance to the objectives of the scheme 4.6 • Quality of the management 4.1“the management structure ... appears somewhat complicated”;“invest strong and immediate executive authority ... in one individual”“the budget ... has ... been developed bottom-up, and it looks reasonable” • Average 4.4... more precisely: 4.375 (87.5%) KM3NeT Activities

  18. Short Summary of the Call Results • Call: FP6-2003-Infrastructures-4 • Proposals: 121 (DS+CNI+AM)valid118 (55 + 34 + 29)below threshold 41above threshold77 of these on main short list 20 on reserve list 6 with mark 4.4 4funded30 (19 + 9 + 2)DS = Design Studies CNI = Construction of New Infrastructures AM = Accompanying Measures • For the 20 projects on main short list: requested funding 95.2 M€ (75.0+20.1+0.1) suggested funding 69.6 M€ (-27%) (53.3+16.2+0.1) • Budget reductions (suggested by panel) very different between projects. KM3NeT Activities

  19. Objectives and Scope of the Design Sudy Establish path from current projects to KM3NeT: • Critical review of current technical solutions; • New developments, thorough tests; • Comparative study of sites and recommendationon site choice (figure of merit: physics sensitivity / €); • Assessment of quality control and assurance; • Exploration of possible cooperation with industry; • Investigation of funding and governance models. Envisaged time scale of design, construction and operation poses stringent conditions. KM3NeT Activities

  20. Design Study Target Values • Detection principle: water Cherenkov. • Location in Europe: in the Mediterranean Sea. • Detection view:maximal angular acceptance for all possible detectable neutrino signals including down-going neutrinos at VHE. • Angular resolution: close to the intrinsic resolution (< 0.1° for muons with Em> 10 TeV). • Detection volume: 1 km3, expandable. • Lower energy threshold:a few 100 GeV for upward going neutrinos with the possibility to go lower for n from known point sources. • Energy reconstruction: within a factor of 2 for muon events. • Reaction types: all neutrino flavors. • Duty cycle: close to 100%. • Operational lifetime:≥ 10 years. • Cost-effectiveness: < 200 M€ per km3 Most of these parameters need optimisation ! KM3NeT Activities

  21. Design Study & Site Recommendation • Site recommendation is part of the Design Study(the decision may yet be taken on the political level); • Foreseen procedure: • Review and assess all existing data one site parameters • Perform additional measurements with the same instrumentsat all sites (involves sea science institutes); • Evaluate physics potential by detailed simulation, taking into account environmental parameters and overall cost (boundary condition); • Decision on preferred site(s) for CDR (mid-2007); • Longer-term measurements in second half of Design Study; • N detector concepts and M site candidates →(N x M)-matrix of “figures of merit” (physics/€) KM3NeT Activities

  22. Exploitation Model Reminder: KM3NeT is an infrastructure; Goal: facility exploited in multi-user and interdisciplinary environment. • Reconstructed data will be made available to the whole community. • Observation of specific objects with increased sensitivity will be offered(by dedicated adjustment of filter algorithms). • Close relation to space-based observatories will be established (alerts for GRBs, Supernovae etc.). • “Plug-and-play” solutions for detectors of associated sciences. KM3NeT Activities

  23. Associated Sciences • Great interest in long term deep-sea measurementsin many different scientific communities: • Biology • Oceanography • Environmental sciences • Geology and geophysics • . . . • Substantial cross-links to ESONET(The European Sea Floor Observatory Network). • Plan: include the associated science communities in the design phase to understand and react to their needs and make use of their expertise (e.g. site exploration, bioluminescence). KM3NeT Activities

  24. KM3NeT Design Study: Resources • Suggested overall budget of the Design Study: 24 M€(mainly personnel, but also equipment, consumables, travel etc.). • Amount requested from EU: 10 M€; • Estimated overall labor power: ~3500 FTEMs(FTEM = full-time equivalent person month)→ 100 persons working full-time over 3 years! Substantial resources (labor power) additional to those available in the current pilot projects will be required ! KM3NeT Activities

  25. KM3NeT: Time Schedule Time scale given by "community lifetime" and competition with ice detector • Experience from current first generation water neutrino telescopes is a solid basis for the design of the KM3NeT detector. • Interest fades away if KM3NeT comes much later than IceCube (ready by 2010). Time schedule (optimistic): 01.01.2006 Start of Design Study Mid-2007 Conceptual Design Report End of 2008 Technical Design Report 2009-2013 Construction 2010-20XX Operation KM3NeT Activities

  26. The phases of KM3NeT • Phase 1: Pre-negotiation • Starting in Nov. 2004: KM3NeT meeting in Paris; • Main tasks: preparation of input to negotiations (Annex 1)and establishment of a collaboration-type organizational structure; • Also: coherent coordination of ongoing efforts (software!); • Phase 2: Negotiation • Requires a series of decisions entailing commitments; • Includes the exact definition of the management of the Design Study phase (including consortium contract); • Phase 3: Design Study Collaboration • Collaboration with MoU replaced by legally binding contract(s)! • Phase 4: The KM3NeT Infrastructure • ... beyond the scope of detailed action to date. KM3NeT Activities

  27. KM3NeT Collaboration • Decisions taken at the meeting in Paris (Nov. 2004); • Organizational structure (phase 1): • Negotiation Preparation Group (NPG)Same members as Writing Group for proposalIn addition: M.Priede (U. Aberdeen), others by invitation.Task: preparation of Annex 1, consortium agreement • Major legislative body: General Assembly;One representative per institute;Simple set of rules for phase 1 worked out by NPG.Task: Approval of all documents, commitments, ... • Coordinator: UK confirmed. • WP responsibles: to be named by “Leading Institutes”Task: establish communication between WP partners,collect info., contact persons for NPG, WP summaries • Publication Committee: responsible for “public affairs”. KM3NeT Activities

  28. KM3NeT Collaboration (2) • Modifications for phase 2: • NPG evolves to Negotiation Group (NG)(new members, financial expert, ...). • WP responsibles form Steering Committeeaccording to rules of consortium agreement,approval by GA. • Time line: • By end of 2004: Nomination of WP resp. where possible; • 24/25 Feb. 2005: First meeting of NPG; • 1 March 2005: Nomination of all WP resp., approval by GA; • 1 May 2005: WP reports (few pages, detailing plans, resources, ...); • June 2005: First draft of Annex I, complete set of CPFs; KM3NeT Activities

  29. KM3NeT and ESFRI • ESFRI = European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures: consultations of national and EU representatives“on matters related to infrastructures of European significance” • Task: Produce Road Map of European research infrastructures(no selection or prioritization). • Procedure: 3 Steering groups • Biological and medical sciences • Social sciences and humanities • Physical sciences and engineering. Each Steering Group forms different expert groups(EGs) to produceinput to Road map for special fields • Question 1: In which EG will Astroparticle Physics be included? Question 2: By what mechanism will representatives of Astroparticle physics in these EGs be nominated? • Process in progress ... next meeting beginning of Feb. 2005. KM3NeT Activities

  30. Summary and Outlook • The Mediterranean-Sea neutrino telescope groupshave united their efforts to prepare togetherthe future, km3-scale deep-sea detector. • An EU-funded Design Study (KM3NeT) will providesubstantial resources for an intense 3-year R&D phase;expected to start by beginning of 2006. • The formation of the KM3NeT Collaboration is ongoing. • The ApPEC recommendations have been taken into account and are a substantial ingredient of the process. • Next political step: Pave the way for KM3NeT funding(EU FP7 & national/regional). Requires presence and support in various bodies and processes (e.g. ESFRI). KM3NeT Activities

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