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General Requirements for a BSL-3/4 Laboratory. Mircea Panait, Ovidiu Ciungradi, Adrian Onu, Dorel Lucian Radu. Classification of infective microorganisms by risk group. Risk group 1 ( no or very low individual and community risk )
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General Requirements for a BSL-3/4 Laboratory Mircea Panait, Ovidiu Ciungradi, Adrian Onu, Dorel Lucian Radu
Classification of infective microorganisms by risk group • Risk group 1 (no or very low individual and community risk) • A microorganism that is unlikely to cause human or animal disease. • Risk group 2 (moderate individual risk, low community risk) • A pathogen that can cause human or animal disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community, livestock or the environment. • Laboratory exposures may cause serious infection, but effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk of spread of infection is limited. • Risk group 3 (high individual risk, low community risk) • A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected individual to another. • Effective treatment and preventive measures are available. • Risk group 4 (high individual and community risk) • A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease and that can be readily transmitted from one individual to another, directly or indirectly. • Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually available.
National or regional classification of microorganisms by risk group • Pathogenicity of the organism • Mode of transmission and host range of the organism • Existing levels of immunity in the local population • Density and movement of the host population • Presence of appropriate vectors • Standards of environmental hygiene • Local availability of effective preventive measures • Prophylaxis by immunization or administration of antisera • Sanitary measures (food and water hygiene) • Control of animal reservoirs or arthropod vectors • Local availability of effective treatment • Passive immunization • Post exposure vaccination • Use of antimicrobial, antiviral and chemotherapeutic agents
Relation of risk groups to biosafety levels, practices and equipment
BSL-4 project BSL-4 project or facility can operate correctly and in safe condition if we have: • A good design, engineering, construction and validation of the installation. • A trained personnel and good procedure system. • A good maintenance team which ensure the well state of the installation.
General considerations regarding BSL-4 laboratory – from the outside BSL-4 design features include the following: • All seams, joints and doors are sealed to make the building airtight. You can not open a window. Air does not flow in or out under the doors. • Air is pumped in and out of the building through a filtration system that catches the tiniest microscopic particles, including bacteria and viruses. • All air ducts are welded stainless steel and tested to be airtight. • Inside many BSL-4 facilities, laboratories are surrounded by buffer corridors that help protect the labs in the event of bombing attack from outside. • Features such airlocks, fumigation chambers, disinfectant “dunk tanks” and waste water treatment systems ensure that absolutely everything that leaves a BSL-4 laboratory is decontaminated.
A security checkpoint at the entry to the site • A secured perimeter around the building • A buffer between the building and parking areas, drop-off zones • On-site 24-hour surveillance • An additional vehicle checkpoint for lab employees, visitors • A secured entryway, including security guards, surveillance cameras, an intercom system and card access readers • A delivery vehicle inspection area • The building also contains numerous safety and security measures throughout
General considerations regarding BSL-4 laboratory – interior security • Once pass outside security, BSL-4 lab workers must pass an interior security station • Security measures will include combinations of the following: • Extensive background checks prior to employment for everyone who works in the building • Guards who check everyone’s identification and credentials • Special identification cards that are scanned to provide an electronic record of who goes in and out, and when • Identifications devices such as retinal or fingerprint scanners
Scouring the air – HEPA filter and filtration inspection verification
Inside the lab • Entries and exits have double-door airlocks • Work surfaces are regularly decontaminated • Researchers are vaccinated against the pathogen they are studying • All solid and liquid waste is decontaminated by heat sterilization, gaseous sterilization or liquid disinfectant
Biocontainment Suits and Biosafety Cabinets • The airtight, pressurized suits have dedicated life support systems that include air compressors, alarms and emergency backup air tanks and a HEPA air filtration system • Work stations called biosafety cabinets serve as additional barriers • Different type of biosafety cabinet can be used (Class II or III)
