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This section delves into the fundamental aspects of DNA, the long molecule composed of repeating units known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphorous group, and one of four nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. The structure of DNA is a double helix, resembling a twisted ladder where the sugar and phosphorous form the rails and the bases form the steps. This guide also covers the processes of DNA replication, highlighting key enzymes like helicase and DNA polymerase, and the concept of mutations.
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DNA makes genesCh. 10.1 (p.185-189) • DNA = long molecule made up of repeating pieces • Like a chain made from the links • Each link is called a nucleotide ( a sugar, a phosphorous group, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases – see p. 186) • 4 nitrogen bases: • 2 called purines: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) • 2 called pyrimidines: Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C)
DNACh. 10.1 (p.185-189) • Double helix= structure of DNA, the twisted ladder or spiral staircase • Sugar and phosphorous form the rails of the ladder • The nitrogen bases form the steps of the ladder • Complementary • Base pairs= the nitrogen-bases always pair with their complement: A—T G—C • This is the genetic code, reading one side the other side matches
DNACh. 10.1 (p.185-189) • Replication= copying DNA by reading one side of the ladder and making a complement • Helicase = enzyme that opens and “unzips” the double helix • DNA polymerase = enzyme that move along the chains and copy • Mutation = a mistake in copying What do the names of enzymes end in?
