BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE COLLECTION FOR DNA EXAMINATION DR.I.HAQUE CFSL,KOLKATA

1. BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE COLLECTION FOR DNA EXAMINATION DR.I.HAQUE CFSL,KOLKATA

2. FORENSIC APPLICATIONS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING Murder/Attempt to murder Rape/Sodomy/other sexual offences Accidents/mass Disaster Identification of mutilated bodies Fake encounters/ Identification of Skeletal Remains   Parentage Disputes/ Baby Sweeping Cases/ Missing Identity Burglary/Threatening/Crime Scene Investigation etc

3. Evidence Collection • Collection of Evidence Types of Unknown Samples: • Blood, Semen, Stains, Saliva • Hair, Tissue, Bones, Teeth Types of Known Samples: • Blood or buccal swabs from suspect or victim or other known person

4. GENERAL GUIDE LINES FOR INVESTIGATION OFFICER: Collect and Package Physical Evidence– physical evidence must be handled and packaged in a way that prevents any change from occurring. The evidence must be properly packaged according to type and properly labeled and sealed with appropriate initials to maintain chain of custody. The integrity of evidence is best maintained when it is kept in its original condition as found at the crime scene. Trace evidence should not be removed from the objects they’re found on unless it is impossible to transport the item. 1) Proper Packaging – The crime scene investigator should bring several different types of packaging with them to the scene. Small packages to contain hairs, fibers, bullets, glass or other items should be available typical types of small packaging include: a) screw-cap or pressure-lid plastic bottles b) coin envelopes/manila envelopes c) small pill boxes d) “druggist fold” paper bindles

5. GENERAL GUIDE LINES FOR INVESTIGATION OFFICER: Collect and Package Physical Evidence 1) Proper Packaging (cont’d) – While these types of sealable packages are good for powders and other dry trace, bloodstains and bloodstained evidence is different. Bloodstained evidence should not be packaged in airtight containers due to the moisture content of the blood. The blood will start to mold very quickly and this mold will damage the evidence item and the associated bloodstains. For damp or bloody items one should use: a) brown paper bags of appropriate size b) earth guard bags c) butcher paper that can be folded and properly taped shut

6. GENERAL GUIDE LINES FOR INVESTIGATION OFFICER: Collect and Package Physical Evidence 2) Proper Labeling – Once items have been properly packaged, they must be properly labeled. Proper labeling includes the following: a) The investigating agency’s case number b) the scene site (especially if more than one scene is involved) c) a brief description of the evidence or the evidence item number which correlates to an evidence log d) the location where the evidence was obtained within the scene e) the collector’s name or badge no. and initials f) the date and time collected

7. Evidence Collection GENERAL GUIDE LINES FOR INVESTIGATION OFFICER: Collect and Package Evidence 3) Chain of Custody – Once items have been properly packaged and labeled, they must be transported to the crime lab for further evaluation. A complete and correct chain of custody must be maintained for all items. Often it is not the evidence collector who transports the evidence to the lab so a chain of custody log must be maintained indicating the transfer of custody to and from every individual who is involved in transporting or storing the evidence until it gets to the crime lab. These include: a) the collecting officer b) the transportation officer c) any evidence storage officer if the evidence is stored prior to taking it to the lab d) any further transportation officer e) anyone who gets into the evidence for any reason f) the laboratory evidence collection person(s)

8. Evidence Collection GENERAL GUIDE LINES FOR INVESTIGATION OFFICER: Beware of Contamination Contamination occurs when DNA from another source gets mixed in with the sample being collected. • An investigator touches, sneezes, bleeds on a sample. • Wear gloves and use disposable instruments • Package items separately. • Especially, do not mix known samples (from victim or suspect) with unknown samples.

9. Chain of Custody A record of individuals who have had PHYSICAL possession of the evidence Critical in maintaining the integrity of the evidence If DNA analysis results in a foreign DNA type, it may be necessary to identify persons who handled the evidence GENERAL GUIDE LINES FOR INVESTIGATION OFFICER:

10. Evidence Collection GENERAL GUIDE LINES FOR INVESTIGATION OFFICER: Chain of Custody Components • Identifiers that describe the evidence at the time it was found • Location • Position • Date/Time of Collection • Packaging/Sealing information

11. Evidence Collection Biological Evidence Collection: Blood

12. Evidence Collection DNA FINGER PRINTING KEY CONCEPT: IDENTIFY PEOPLE AT MOLECULAR LEVEL

13. Evidence Collection MEDICAL OFFICER’S JOB TO WITHDRAW BLOOD

14. Evidence Collection LIQUID BLOOD AND FRESH BLOOD STAINS Blood that is in liquid pools should be picked up on a gauze pad or other clean sterile cotton cloth and allowed to air dry thoroughly, at room temperature. It should be refrigerated or frozen as soon as possible and brought to the Laboratory as quickly as possible. Delays beyond 48 hours may make the samples useless. If close to the Laboratory, deliver stained object immediately. If unable to deliver to the Laboratory, or if the object must be mailed, allow the stain to air dry completely before packaging.

15. Evidence Collection LIQUID BLOOD AND FRESH BLOOD STAINS Do not heat stained material or place it in bright sunlight to dry. Hang clothing and similar articles in a room where there is adequate ventilation. If not completely dry, label and roll in paper or place in a brown paper bag or box and seal and label container. Place only one item in each container. Do not use plastic containers.

16. Evidence Collection Liquids Blood Liquids (generally standards)Blood Refrigerate, do not freeze standards collected in stoppered vacutainers. Submit to the lab as soon as possible STAINED CLOTHES: On clothing, if possible, wrap the item in clean paper, place the article in a brown paper bag or box and seal and label container. Do not attempt to remove stains from the cloth.

17. LIQUID BLOOD VACUTAINERS COATED WITH EDTA

18. Evidence Collection FTA CARD FOR BLOOD STAIN COLLECTIOON 1 Case detail marking Provision 2.One Circle for one specimen Whatman™  Whatman International Ltd.

19. Evidence Collection PLEASE DO NOT USE COTTON FOR LIQUID BODY FLUID BLOOD STAIN COLLECTIOON Filter Paper Clinical Gauze

20. Evidence Collection BLOOD STAINED ITEMS NEED TO BE AIR DRIED AND PACKED SEPARATELY

21. Evidence Collection Blood Stain on Weapon Dry the knife. Don’t Remove stain

22. Blood Stain Evidence Collection

23. Blood Trails Away From Body

24. Blood stains on wall/floor/hard surface and other material On small solid objects, send the whole stained object to the Laboratory, after labeling and packaging. On large solid objects, cover the stained area with clean paper and seal the edges down with tape to prevent loss or contamination. If impractical to deliver the whole object to the Laboratory, scrape the stain onto a clean piece of paper, which can be folded and placed in an envelope. Do not scrape directly into evidence envelope. Scrape blood from objects using a freshly washed and dried knife or similar tool. Wash and dry the tool before each stain is scraped off. Seal and mark the envelope. Do not mix dried stains. Place each stain in a separate envelope. REMEMBER: Never attempt to wipe dried stains from an object using a moistened cloth or paper.

25. HANDLING SEXUAL ASSAULT RELATED EXHIBITS

26. "The ax forgets, the tree remembers." Traumatized people suffer damage to the basic structures of the self. They lose trust in themselves, in other people, in God...The identity they have formed prior to the trauma is irrevocably destroyed. Remember: A charge of rape is easy to make, hard to prove, harder still to disprove Helping Victims Preserve DNA Evidence

27. Procedure for rape victim examination: • Police advise victim not to change clothes, bathe before Medical Examination. • Should not be examined without authority of investigating PO/ magistrate. • Consent of victim/ guardian, date/ time, identified by escorting female PO. Examine in POs presence. • Examine without delay – vulva tenderness, detection of spermatozoa.

28. Evidence Collection Semen and Vaginal Secretion stains are the two most commonly tested biological evidence. Moisture allows for bacterial growth and destroys DNA. Therefore: • Foreign hair preserved and compared with accused. • Saliva / lipstick marks etc be carefully collected.

29. Evidence Collection Forensic search of of Semen Stains • Clothes are examined for the presence of blood and seminal stains, tears and mud. • Any marks or suspicious stains are preserved for examination by the chemical examiner. • Stands on clean sheet of paper, and anything that falls is preserved – earth, buttons, hair. • Foreign hair preserved and compared with accused. At the scene of a sexual assault, the search for semen includes the corpse or victim, underwear, bed sheets and mattresses, carpeting, and flooring.

30. Semen 1.Locate semen stain – often visible  exhibit a stiff, crusty appearance identify stain. 2.Possibly, blood stains may be found type immediately Remember:If not willfully removed from the vaginal tract semen can be detected up to 72 hours. It is advisedto get patient examined before 72 hrs.

31. Evidence Collection Specimens to be collected • Head hairs • Pubic hair • Blood group • Urine drug screening • Nail scrapings for blood or tissue • Swabs - soiled areas of skin, anal, rectum • Swab - penis of accused.

32. Evidence Collection Genital examination • Examined by an O&G specialist. • Genital organs examined for signs of bleeding, bruises and lacerations. • Matted pubic hair due to the presence of semen is cut off for examination. • Comb pubic hair for non-matching hair, root study. • Dried seminal stains on the external genitals and thighs are scraped off by means of a clean blunt knife for subsequent examination.

33. Clothes • Clothes are examined for the presence of blood and seminal stains, tears and mud. • Any marks or suspicious stains are preserved for examination by the chemical examiner. • Stands on clean sheet of paper, and anything that falls is preserved – earth, buttons, hair. • Foreign hair preserved to be compared with accused.

34. Evidence Collection PAPER ENVELOPE Air Drying on neat paper

35. Identification of Semen Searching for Semen Stains • May be on clothing, skin, bedding, etc. • Visual inspection; yellowish-white • Alternative light source: look for fluorescence

36. SEMEN SAMPLE SUBMISSION GUIDELINES 1. Air dry evidence before packing2. Do not let two items of evidence come in contact with each other3. Package evidence in paper bags or envelopes4. Package different pieces of evidence separately

37. Evidence Collection VAGINAL SECRETION SLIDES: Microscope Vaginal Swab Smear Note labeling on slide

38. Identification of Semen Sperm Cells Under Microscope

39. Evidence Collection Vaginal Swab Collection: Vaginal Swab

40. Evidence Collection SALIVA EXAMINATION:

41. BUCCUL EPITHILIAL CELLS COLLECTION: Saddam Hussein’s capture verified with DNA testing conducted in Rockville at Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory

42. Blood Semen/ sperm Body tissue/ skin Bone/ bone marrow Hair/ hair roots Saliva/ bite marks Urine Teeth/dental Fecal material Mucous

43. Evidence Collection Potential Sources of DNA Evidence • Sources of Biological Evidence • • Blood • • Semen • • Saliva • • Urine • • Hair • • Teeth • • Bone • • Tissue

44. Evidence Collection Skull Human Bite Mark Femur

45. PACKING FOR BONE EXHIBITS EVIDENCE EVIDENCE EVIDENCE

46. Evidence Collection Evidence Storage: HAIR • Foreign hair preserved and compared with accused.

47. DNA test raises doubts over Texas man's execution AFP - Friday, November 12WASHINGTON (AFP) - – A Texas man was condemned to death and executed in 2000 on the basis of hair that did not belong to him, according to the results of a recent DNA test. A test by Mitotyping Technologies published by the Texas Observer magazine -- which fought a three-year legal battle to gain access to the evidence -- showed that Claude Howard Jones was "excluded as the contributor of this questioned hair." Jones - who had a long criminal record - had insisted that he was waiting in the car when his accomplice killed Allen Hilzendager during a liquor store robbery. He was convicted of the 1989 murder, and denied several appeals, largely on the basis of that single strand of hair which police found at the scene. Forensic science was limited at the time to examining the hair under a microscope, where it appeared to belong to Jones. The DNA test posted on the magazine's website found that the hair likely belonged instead to the victim. Analyzing hair under a microscope was later abandoned after it was deemed inconclusive and obsolete with the development of DNA testing. Jones requested a DNA test and a stay of execution until it could be performed, but he was denied by then-governor George W. Bush. Documents obtained by the Texas Observer and the Innocence Project showed that "attorneys in the governor's office failed to inform Bush that DNA evidence might exonerate Jones," the Observer wrote. Bush, embroiled in the 2000 presidential election recount at the time of the execution, was a proponent of DNA testing in death penalty cases and had previously halted another execution so key evidence could be tested. "Because the DNA testing doesn't implicate another shooter, the results don't prove Jones' innocence," the Texas Observer wrote. "But the hair was the only piece of evidence that placed Jones at the crime scene. So while the results don't exonerate him, they raise serious doubts about his guilt." A Texas judge is currently considering whether another man executed on the basis of out-dated forensic evidence was indeed innocent. Cameron Todd Willingham was executed in 2004 for setting a 1991 fire that killed his three daughters. Experts have testified that the evidence used to prove the fire was arson was flawed.

48. Evidence Collection FORENSIC HAIR EVIDENCE COLLECTION HAIR SAMPLE STANDARDS: Whenever hair is collected the roots should be included because considerable information can be obtained from the root material. HEAD OR SCALP HAIR The hair should be representative of the center, front, back (including nape of the neck), and both sides of the scalp. Approximately 50 head hairs should be collected. The sample should include both pulled and combed hairs and include any variations in color and length. If additional facial hairs are collected (i.e. sideburn or beard hairs), these should be packaged separately. PUBIC HAIR: When indicated by the circumstances, collect pubic hair. Approximately 30 pubic hairs should be collected. The sample should be collected and packaged in the same manner described above.

49. Collection and preservation of hair evidence • Have questioned and standard/reference hairs come from same area of body and adequate number of hair samples of each • Forensic hair comparisons involve either head hair or pubic hair • Collection of 50 full-length hairs from all areas of the scalp • Minimum of 24 full-length hairs from pubic area

50. Collection and preservation of hair evidence continued • Entire hair length collected because of variance in morphological characteristics like color • Pull hair out of skin or clipping at skin line • Hair samples collected from victim(s) suspicious death during autopsy