VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague

1. The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague

2. ·óka Romani Poland Czechia Ukraine Austria Hungary

3. ·óka Romani Poland Czechia NC Ukraine SC Austria Hungary

4. V R V R V R R V V R V R R

5. V R V R V R R V V R V R R Slovak Hungarian

6. Vowel system ·óka Romani Sók Hungarian i+í ü+ı u+ú i+í ü+ı u+ú e+é ö+Œ o+ó e+é ö+Œ o+ó ò+è ò+è a á a á

7. Vowel length • Phonemics • correlation: 5 core pairs & 3 marginal pairs • length also in consonants: geminates • quality difference: a = central unrounded, á = back rounded

8. Vowel length • Phonemics • correlation: 5 core pairs & 3 marginal pairs • length also in consonants: geminates • quality difference: a = central unrounded, á = back rounded • Phonotactics • independent of (the always initial) stress position • independent of position within word • restrictions on codas: some fricatives, almost no plosives, few clusters

9. Vowel length in loans • Hungarian tégla ‘brick’ < H tégla ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H csúfnév

10. Vowel length in loans • Hungarian tégla ‘brick’ < H tégla ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò

11. Vowel length in loans • Hungarian tégla ‘brick’ < H tégla ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò • Croatian Pojáko ‘Vlax Rom’ < C Po´ljÇk ‘Pole’

12. Vowel length in loans • Hungarian tégla ‘brick’ < H tégla ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò • Croatian Pojáko ‘Vlax Rom’ < C Po´ljÇk ‘Pole’ prósto ‘non-Rom’ < *prosto < C pro´st ‘simple’ perníca ‘pillow’ < *pernica < C pï´rnica ‘blanket’

13. Vowel length in loans • Hungarian tégla ‘brick’ < H tégla ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’ < H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò • Croatian Pojáko ‘Vlax Rom’ < *Poljako < C Po´ljÇk ‘Pole’ prósto ‘non-Rom’ < *prosto < C pro´st ‘simple’ perníca ‘pillow’ < *pernica < C pï´rnica ‘blanket’

14. Lengthening • Substitutive • in polysyllables in pretonic position bokhálo ‘hungry’ < *bokhálo bokhalíle ‘they got hungry’ < *bokhalíle • in monosyllables (in tonic position) béng ‘devil’ < *beng káj ‘where’ < *kaj

15. Lengthening • Substitutive • in polysyllables in pretonic position bokhálo ‘hungry’ < *bokhálo bokhalíle ‘they got hungry’ < *bokhalíle • in monosyllables (in tonic position) béng ‘devil’ < *beng káj ‘where’ < *kaj • Compensatory • through contraction: V(V).vV > VV -á 1SG.FUT < *-ava dí ‘day’ < díve < *dives • through monophthongization: V(V)v. > VV sú ‘needle’ < *suv kólo ‘soft’ < *kovlo

16. Polysyllables • a) disyllables: no coda • báro ‘big’, lólo ‘red’, sáno ‘thin’, névo ‘new’, ‰úÏo ‘clean’, láãho ‘good’, ‰úko ‘dry’ • gullo ‘sweet’, harno ‘short’, tikno ‘small’ • koro ‘blind’ < *korro < *koRo • párno ‘white’, térno ‘young’, sásto ‘healthy’

17. Polysyllables • a) disyllables: no coda • báro ‘big’, lólo ‘red’, sáno ‘thin’, névo ‘new’, ‰úÏo ‘clean’, láãho ‘good’, ‰úko ‘dry’ • gullo ‘sweet’, harno ‘short’, tikno ‘small’ • koro ‘blind’ < *korro < *koRo • párno ‘white’, térno ‘young’, sásto ‘healthy’ • b) polysyllables (>2): no coda & nucleus a • barválo ‘rich’, bokh-ál-o ‘hungry’, guruv-án-o ‘beef’, am-ár-o ‘our’, gadÏ-ikán-o ‘non-Rom’ • dilino ‘silly’, ka‰uko ‘deaf’, ka‰t-un-o ‘wooden’

18. Polysyllables: cross-dialect ·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian • nevo ‘new’ + + + + + + • pharo ‘heavy’ + + + + + + • phuro ‘old’ + + – + + + • ãoRo ‘poor’ – ± – + ± + • kalo ‘black’ + + + + + + • ãalo ‘replete’ + 0 – + + + • laãho ‘good’ + + – – + – • ‰uko ‘dry’ + + – – 0 – • ka‰uko ‘deaf’ – – – (–) 0 – • terno ‘young’ + – + – ± – • bango ‘crooked’ – + – – – – • -al- + + – – – – • -un- – + 0 – – –

19. Polysyllables: cross-dialect ·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian • nevo ‘new’ + + + + + + • pharo ‘heavy’ + + + + + + • phuro ‘old’ + + – + + + • ãoRo ‘poor’ – ± – + ± + • kalo ‘black’ + + + + + + • ãalo ‘replete’ + 0 – + + + • laãho ‘good’ + + – – + – • ‰uko ‘dry’ + + – – 0 – • ka‰uko ‘deaf’ – – – (–) 0 – • terno ‘young’ + – + – ± – • bango ‘crooked’ – + – – – – • -al- + + – – – – • -un- – + 0 – – –

20. Polysyllables: cross-dialect ·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian • nevo ‘new’ + + + + + + • pharo ‘heavy’ + + + + + + • phuro ‘old’ + + – + + + • ãoRo ‘poor’ – ± – + ± + • kalo ‘black’ + + + + + + • ãalo ‘replete’ + 0 – + + + • laãho ‘good’ + + – – + – • ‰uko ‘dry’ + + – – 0 – • ka‰uko ‘deaf’ – – – (–) 0 – • terno ‘young’ + – + – ± – • bango ‘crooked’ – + – – – – • -al- + + – – – – • -un- – + 0 – – –

21. Polysyllables: cross-dialect ·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian • nevo ‘new’ + + + + + + • pharo ‘heavy’ + + + + + + • phuro ‘old’ + + – + + + • ãoRo ‘poor’ – ± – + ± + • kalo ‘black’ + + + + + + • ãalo ‘replete’ + 0 – + + + • laãho ‘good’ + + – – + – • ‰uko ‘dry’ + + – – 0 – • ka‰uko ‘deaf’ – – – (–) 0 – • terno ‘young’ + – + – ± – • bango ‘crooked’ – + – – – – • -al- + + – – – – • -un- – + 0 – – –

22. Monosyllables • a) rhotic coda: lengthening • bár ‘garden’, ãór ‘thief’, dár ‘fear’, gér ‘scab’, pór ‘feather’, sír ‘garlic’, zár ‘body hair’, zór ‘power’ • bár ‘stone’ < *baR, pér ‘abdomen’ < *peR • kher ‘house’ • –

23. Monosyllables • a) rhotic coda: lengthening • bár ‘garden’, ãór ‘thief’, dár ‘fear’, gér ‘scab’, pór ‘feather’, sír ‘garlic’, zár ‘body hair’, zór ‘power’ • bár ‘stone’ < *baR, pér ‘abdomen’ < *peR • kher ‘house’ • – • b) other codas: no lengthening • mol ‘wine’, pral ‘brother’, Èhil ‘butter’ etc. • ãhon ‘moon’, lon ‘salt’, men ‘neck’ etc. • baj ‘sleeve’, muj ‘mouth’, roj ‘spoon’ etc. • dÏuv ‘louse’, gav ‘village’, jiv ‘snow’ etc. • mas ‘meat’, phus ‘straw’ etc. • bast ‘luck’, dand ‘tooth’ etc. • – • – • gój ‘intestine’ • hév ‘hole’ • vé‰ ‘forest’ • béng ‘devil’

24. Monosyllables: cross-dialect ·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian • bar ‘garden’ + + + + 0 + • baR ‘stone’ + – + – + – • kher ‘house’ – + + + – + • zor ‘power’ + + – + + – • mol ‘wine’ – – – + + – • khul ‘excrement’ – ± – + – + • kan ‘ear’ – – – + – – • phen ‘sister’ – – – + – – • jag ‘fire’ – – – – – + • jakh ‘eye’ – ± – – + – • nakh ‘nose’ – + – – – – • ber‰ ‘year’ – – + – – – • beng ‘devil’ + – – – – –

25. Monosyllables: cross-dialect ·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian • bar ‘garden’ + + + + 0 + • baR ‘stone’ + – + – + – • kher ‘house’ – + + + – + • zor ‘power’ + + – + + – • mol ‘wine’ – – – + + – • khul ‘excrement’ – ± – + – + • kan ‘ear’ – – – + – – • phen ‘sister’ – – – + – – • jag ‘fire’ – – – – – + • jakh ‘eye’ – ± – – + – • nakh ‘nose’ – + – – – – • ber‰ ‘year’ – – + – – – • beng ‘devil’ + – – – – –

26. Monosyllables: cross-dialect ·óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian • bar ‘garden’ + + + + 0 + • baR ‘stone’ + – + – + – • kher ‘house’ – + + + – + • zor ‘power’ + + – + + – • mol ‘wine’ – – – + + – • khul ‘excrement’ – ± – + – + • kan ‘ear’ – – – + – – • phen ‘sister’ – – – + – – • jag ‘fire’ – – – – – + • jakh ‘eye’ – ± – – + – • nakh ‘nose’ – + – – – – • ber‰ ‘year’ – – + – – – • beng ‘devil’ + – – – – –

27. Hierarchies • Phonetic • coda or following onset sonorant > obstruent > cluster • rhotic > liquid > nasal • dental, velar > labial • voiced > voiceless • nucleus vowel quality low > other • number of syllables disyllabic > polysyllabic

28. Hierarchies • Phonetic • coda or following onset sonorant > obstruent > cluster • rhotic > liquid > nasal • dental, velar > labial • voiced > voiceless • nucleus vowel quality low > other • number of syllables disyllabic > polysyllabic • Extraphonetic • lexical frequency frequent > less frequent • function words: ój ‘s/he’, ón ‘they’, káj ‘where’ • numerals: jék ‘one’, dúj ‘two’, trín ‘three’, pándÏ ‘five’

29. Lexicalization • Lexical split gada ‘shirts’ gáda ‘clothes’ anglal ‘from the front of’ ánglal ‘in/to the front’

30. Lexicalization • Lexical split gada ‘shirts’ gáda ‘clothes’ anglal ‘from the front of’ ánglal ‘in/to the front’ • Hypoanalysis ‰úÏo ‘clean’ > ‰úÏ-ón-e ‘cleanly’ dél ‘God’ > déll-ór-o ‘Jesus’ > déll-ór-ikán-o ‘Jesus-like’ báro ‘big’ > bárì-íl-e ‘they grew’ bokhálo ‘hungry’ > bokhal-íl-e ‘they got hungry’

31. Iconicity • Adverbs ánd-e ‘(to) inside’ ángl-e ‘fore-’ tél-e ‘downwards’ ándr-al ‘inside’ ángl-al ‘in/to the front’ tél-al ‘down’ ándr-altú ‘from inside’ ángl-altú ‘from the front’ tél-altú ‘from down’ • Related prepositions and-i ‘in, into’ angl-i ‘in front of’ tal ‘under’ and-ar ‘out of’ angl-al ‘from the front of’ tal-al ‘from under’

32. Morphologization • Perfective lengthening ha- ‘eat’ há-l- pi- ‘drink’ pí-l- mer- ‘die’ mú-l- per- ‘fall’ pé-l- dÏa- ‘go’ gé-l- prav- ‘open’ prá-d- av- ‘come’ á-l- ov- ‘be, become, bear’ ú-l- rov- ‘weep’ rú-n- sov- ‘sleep’ sú-t- phír- ‘walk’ phír-d- merav- ‘cause to die’ mera-d-

33. “Syntacticization” • Head • Modifier o rom hi phúro ‘the man is old’ i zumi má tádi hi ‘the soup is already cooked’ odna khera sne amáre‘the houses were ours’ phuro rom ‘old man’ tadi zumi ‘cooked soup’ amare khera ‘our houses’

34. “Syntacticization” • Head • Modifier o rom hi phúro ‘the man is old’ i zumi má tádi hi ‘the soup is already cooked’ odna khera sne amáre‘the houses were ours’ phuro rom ‘old man’ tadi zumi ‘cooked soup’ amare khera ‘our houses’ mri daj somorúni ssa ‘my mum was sad’ o rom hi térno ‘the man is young’ somorúni daj ‘sad mum’ térno rom ‘young man’

35. “Syntacticization” • Head • Modifier o rom hi phúro ‘the man is old’ i zumi má tádi hi ‘the soup is already cooked’ odna khera sne amáre‘the houses were ours’ phuro rom ‘old man’ tadi zumi ‘cooked soup’ amare khera ‘our houses’ mri daj somorúni ssa ‘my mum was sad’ o rom hi térno ‘the man is young’ somorúni daj ‘sad mum’ térno rom ‘young man’ • Split stress > split length • phúro < *phúro < *phuro < *phuro • phuro rom < *phuro rom < *phuro rom < *phuro rom phurÿ gjas o m�r‰ ‘the man grew old’ phurÿ m�r‰ ‘old man’

36. Summary Hungarian universals phonological lengthening lexicalization phonemics word-level phonotactics morphologization *·óka ·óka