Biology Assignment

Biology Assignment POLLUTION SMP N 2 Purwokerto 2012/2013

DaViManLif Group

Members • Alif Zainulkaaf (02) • Deviana Maryuandi (04) • Marsekal Veda R. (10) • Rahman P. W. (16)

Kinds of Pollution • Pollution is the introduction of substance, energy, organism or components to the environments that cause abnormality to the environmental condition which is different from the initial normal condition, and in the end it disturbs the life of organismsthat live in it. • There are 3 kinds of Pollution : 1. Air Pollution 2. Water Pollution 3. Soil Pollution

Air pollution • Air pollution is the introduction of pollutants to the air so that the normal air composition changes. • The example of air pollution : A. Global warming B. Acid rain C. Depleting of ozon layer D. Greenhouse effect

Global Warming • Global Warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. Causes: 1.Factory smoke 2.Fumes 3.Metana gas from farm and agreecultural 4.Loging activity 5.Cemichal fertilizer over using

Impact • Impact of global warming: • Flooding of sea in the world • Increasing the intensity of storm • Decreasing the production of agreecultural • Raring the living organism

Solution • Establishing green belts • Reducing the use of fossil fuel • Reforestation

Acid Rain • "Acid rain" is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited material) from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids.

The Process of Acid Rain . SO2 react with O2 and the result is SO3.Then, fused with sea water producing H2SO4.When it evaprorated, it fused with ammonia. The remaining particles and settl in the air,and it will be breakdown in the rain and fell to the earth.

Causes • Fumes • Factory smoke • Deforestation • Human activities are the main cause of acid rain • Acid Rain is Caused by Reactions in the EnvironmentNature depends on balance, and although some rain is naturally acidic

Impact • Surface Waters and Aquatic Animals • Forests • Automotive Coatings • Materials • Visibility • Human Health

Solution • Make air filter for factory • Use low sulfur coal • Controlling Emissions

Depleting of Ozon Layer • Depleting of ozon layer is the depletion of the ozone layer which causes thinning of the ozone layer which causes the maximum unprotected earth from ultraviolet rays Causes: 1.CFC’S gases from refrigerator and AC 2. Nitroges oxides (NO2) from air plane

Impact • Human Health: causes nonmelanoma skin cancer and plays a major role in malignant melanoma development. • Plants: UVB radiation • Marine Ecosystems: Phytoplankton productivity is limited to the euphotic zone • Biogeochemical Cycles: Increases in solar UV radiation could affect terrestrial and aquatic biogeochemical cycles • Materials: accelerate their breakdown,

Solution • Air plane must wear alternatif fuel • Don’t wear AC • Don’t let refrigrator door open

Greenhouse Effect • The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. • Causes : • 1.Greenhouse gases:water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7%

Impact • Global warming • Acid rain • Depleting of ozon layer

solution UNNOWN

Water Pollution • Water pollutionWater pollution isthe process of change in a location, saving water for ex lagoon,, river, ocean and water soil cause the activity of human. • The exmple of water pollution : • 1.Eutrophication

Water Pollution signs can be seen from:1. Physical, include the level of clarity (turbidity), changes in water temperature, changes in taste, odor, and color of the water.2. Chemical, based on the chemical and non-metallic metals are dissolved and pH changes.3. Biologics, which is based on microorganisms in the water.

Eutrophication • Eutrophication is the ecosystem response to the addition of articial or natural substance,such as nitrates and phosphates,through fertilizers or sewage,to an aquatic system.One example is the “bloom” or great increase of phytoplankton in water body as a response to increased levelsof

The causes • natural run-off of nutrients from the soil and the weathering of rocks • run-off of inorganic fertilizers(containing nitrates and phosphates) • run-off of manure from farms (containing nitrates, phosphates and ammonia) • run-off from erosion (following mining, construction work or poor land use) • discharge of detergents (containing phosphates) • discharge of partially treated or untreated sewage (containing nitrates and phosphates)

Impact • Impact of eutrophication • Increase biomass of phtoplankton • Toxic or inedible phtoplankton species • Increase in blooms of gelatinous zooplankton • Increase biomass of benthic and epiphytic algae • Changes in macrophyte species compotition and biomass • Decrease in water transparency (increas turbidity) • Colour, smell, and water treatment problems • Dissolve oxygn depletion • Increased indicences of fish kills • Loss of desirable fish species • Reductions in harvestable fish and shellfish • Decreases in perceived aethetic value of the water body

Solution • Nutrients limitation:Phytoplankton biomass in the eutrophic zone is often controlled by the availability of certain nutrients that, in addition to light, are essential for growth. If the supply of these nutrients is increased an increase in biomass roughly proportional to the increase in nutrient supply can be expected. • Algae filtration

Soil Pollution • Soil pollution is recognized by the substance on its surface or subsurface. The substance can disturb the ability of the soils to suppot the organisms that live it. Soil is living place for different organisms. Naturally, land has the capacity to support the organisms living on it. • Land pollution can be devided into some following group : 1. Liquid, the liquid pollutant include different type of soil, insecticide and detergent 2. Solid, the solid pollutant include inorganic and organic waste

Causes • Industrial wastes such as harmful gases and chemicals, agricultural pesticides, fertilizers and insecticides are the most common causes of soil pollution. • Ignorance towards soil management and related systems. • Unfavorable and harmful irrigation practices. • Improper septic system and management and maintenance of the same. • Leakages from sanitary sewage. • Acid rains, when fumes released from industries get mixed with rains. • Fuel leakages from automobiles, that get washed away due to rain and seep into the nearby soil. • Unhealthy waste management techniques, which are characterized by release of sewage into the large dumping grounds and nearby streams or rivers.

Impact • Decrease in soil fertility and therefore decrease in the soil yield. How can one expect contaminated soil to produce healthy crops? • Loss of soil and natural nutrients present in it. Plants also would not thrive in such soil, which would further result in soil erosion. • Disturbance in the balance of flora and fauna residing in the soil. • Increase in salinity of the soil, which therefore makes it unfit for vegetation, thus making it useless and barren. • Generally crops cannot grow and flourish in polluted soil. Yet, if some crops manage to grow, they would be poisonous enough to cause serious health problems in people consuming them. • Creation of toxic dust is another potential effect of soil pollution. • Foul smell due to industrial chemicals and gases might result in headaches, fatigue, nausea, etc., in many people. • Soil pollutants would bring in alteration in the soil structure, which would lead to death of many essential organisms in it. This would also affect the larger predators and compel them to move to other places, once they lose their food supply.

Solution • Make recycling bins that can not be described by mikroorganime. • Separating plastic waste with non-plastic. Non-plastic garbage be dumped topsoil. • Do not litter the place. Soil contamination primarily from landfills containing materials which are difficult to decompose in the soil such as plastic, glass, and cans.

Reuse, Reducing, Recycle Reducing is the first and most effective of the three. It means reducing your consumption or buying less. Reuse is use again thing that has been expelled for our activity. Recycling is the third of the three. Recycling extracts valuable materials from items that might otherwise be considered trash and turns them into new products.

3R Activity • Reduce - to buy less and use less. Incorporates common sense ideas like turning off the lights, rain barrels, and taking shorter showers, but also plays a part in composting/grasscycling(transportation energy is reduced), low follow toilet, and programmable termostast. Includes the terms Re-think, Precycle, carpool,efficientannd environmental footprint. • Reuse - elements of the discarded item are used again. Initiatives include waste exchange,garage sales,travel mugs, and composting (nutrients). Includes the terms laundry,repair,regift, and upcycle. • Recycle - discards are separated into materials that may be incorporated into new products. This is different from Reuse in that energy is used to change the physical properties of the material. Initiatives include Composting, Beverage Container Deposits and buying products with a high content of post-consumer material.

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Biology Assignment