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World Englishes Jennifer Jenkins

This resource book discusses the diversity of English in Asian and European contexts, including regional categorizations, codification challenges, and the emergence of unique varieties. It explores the influence of historical, linguistic, and sociopolitical factors on the evolution of English in these regions.

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World Englishes Jennifer Jenkins

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  1. World EnglishesJennifer Jenkins A resource book for students

  2. Strand 7: Asian and European Englishes Europe Asia Expanding Circle Outer Circle Emerging Euro-English Asian Englishes Bi- and multilingual contexts ‘Linguistic orphans’ (Kachru 1992) A7

  3. English as an Asian language • Regional categorisation • South Asian varieties • Southeast Asian and Pacific varieties • East Asian varieties • Functional categorisation • Institutionalized varieties (Outer Circle) • Non-institutionalized varieties (Expanding Circle) A7

  4. English in Europe • European Union (EU): • 23 official languages • 3 dominant languages: English, French, German • English = the de factoEuropean lingua franca • Emerging features (Seidlhofer, Breiteneder, Pitzl 2006) • Nativisation processes A7

  5. Codification of Asian Englishes • Importance of codification • Acceptance, prestige, classroom model • Obstacles in codification model – SLA perspective: • Indigenised varieties of English (IVEs) regarded as ‘interlanguages’ • Goal of SLA = native-like competence • NS input sufficient for acquisition • SLA process without reference to L2 functions • Role of L1  interference • Motivation for acquisition ‘integrative’, i.e. admiration of NS, desire to become member of culture B7

  6. IVE settings differ from SLA concepts • IVE settings: • Target: no longer NS, but other NNSs • Input is IVE (not NS) • Multilingual settings, diglossic situation • English does not serve all functions, other local languages present • Motivation for learning: instrumental not integrative B7

  7. The SLA paradigm • SLA: ‘Interlanguage’ (Selinker 1972) • Unstable learner language or • Fossilised learner language • IVEs = fossilised interlanguage (IL) competences • Criticised e.g. by Y. Kachru and Canagarajah B7

  8. Challenges in codifying Asian Englishes • Choice of a standard • Selection of features • Local needs vs. International intelligibility • Intranational functions • Acceptance of local innovations • Code-switching and code-mixing as part of bilingual competence  Most comprehensive attempt at codification: Macquarie Regional Asian English Dictionary B7

  9. Indian English • One of the two highest populations of English speakers • British colonial history • After independence in 1947: attempt to replace English by Hindi, but English remained ‘associate’ official language • Indian English identity, complementary relationship with indigenous languages • Varietal characteristics • Mixed acceptance of English as an Indian language C7

  10. Hong Kong English • Hong Kong: British colony since 1842, Special Administrative Region of China since 1997 • Hong Kong English • Position as accepted variety is not secure • British English still aspired to (also teaching model – importing of NS teachers) • Distinct lexical items • At stage three in Schneider’s (2003) five-stage model for the evolution of New Englishes • Might be further influenced by Cantonese and Mandarin C7

  11. China English • A variety? • Lexical, grammatical and phonological features • Growing acceptance among the Chinese • Growing importance • Likely to become most common variety of English in Asia • High number of speakers C7

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