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The Body’s Response to Trauma

The Body’s Response to Trauma. When the body is subjected to injurious stress it will respond in a systematic and predictable manner. Poor management of an athletic injury can contribute to: Delayed healing Unsightly scar Permanent disability Death. The Body’s Response to Physical Trauma.

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The Body’s Response to Trauma

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  1. The Body’s Response to Trauma

  2. When the body is subjected to injurious stress it will respond in a systematic and predictable manner.

  3. Poor management of an athletic injury can contribute to: • Delayed healing • Unsightly scar • Permanent disability • Death

  4. The Body’s Response to Physical Trauma • The body’s immediate and long-term response to physical trauma are essentially the same. • The process of inflammation and healing. • Ideally, the end result is optimal recovery. • This cycle can vary greatly in its length and conclude in less-than-optimal recovery.

  5. Most athletic injury is caused by some type of trauma: • Direct blow • Rotational stress • Forced abnormal motion • Overstretching • When these forces are greater than the tissue can withstand, varying degrees of damage will result.

  6. Athletic injury frequently involves the: • Skin • Muscles • Tendons • Ligaments • Bones • Nerves

  7. A certain amount of hemorrhaging, or bleeding will also be present. • Internal • External

  8. The body responds to hemorrhage by activating the clotting mechanism. • To control bleeding. • Direct cell damage. • Lose nutrition and normal function. • Necrosis – cell death

  9. The necrotic tissue and extravasated blood will eventually result in the formation of a hematoma. • Scab

  10. The damaged tissue and extravasated blood resulting primarily from direct trauma are termed: • Initial insult • Primary injury • Other than brining bleeding under control, have very little control on the extent of primary injury.

  11. Additional damage will occur that is secondary to the primary injury: • Secondary injury • Athletic trainers can greatly affect this phase of the athletic injury cycle.

  12. Acute Inflammatory Process • This begins minutes after the onset of injury. • Inflammation is the basic response of injury to the body. • Physical • Bacterial • Thermal • Chemical

  13. The body’s defense mechanism to injury regardless of cause. • The goals of the inflammatory process are. • 1. to localize the extent of the injured area. • 2. To rid both the body and the injury site of waste products resulting from primary and secondary injury.

  14. 3. Enhance healing. • There are three phases in the inflammatory response. • Phase I: Acute Vascular Response. • Phase II: Repair and Regeneration. • Phase III: Remodeling and Maturation.

  15. The exact duration of each phase is not definite because the phases overlap and there is much variability from one injury or individual to another.

  16. Phase I: Acute Vascular Response • After the injury there is an immediate transient constriction of local blood vessels. • Decreased blood flow to the injured area. • Last 5 to 10 minutes.

  17. Edema then occurs and may continue for 24 to 48 hours. • Cells damaged by hypoxia. • Increase the size of the hematoma.

  18. The inflammatory process is an important defense mechanism that occurs for a specific purpose. • Protect and heal the injured area. • There are five signs associated with the inflammation process. • 1. Redness(Rubor): Caused by dilation of arterioles and increased blood to the injured area.

  19. 2. Swelling(Tumor): caused by the accumulation of blood and damaged tissue cells in the primary injury area. • Blood, hypoxic-damaged tissue debris, and edema resulting from the secondary reaction. • Heat(Calor): caused by increased biochemical activity in the affected tissues and increased blood flow to the skin.

  20. 4. Pain(Dolor): Caused by direct injury to nerve fibers, as well as pressure of the hematoma or area of edema on nerve endings. 5. Loss of Function(FunctioLaesa): Caused by the resulting pain and swelling and/or actual destruction of the anatomical structure.

  21. The primary function of the inflammatory response process in the days following injury is to rid the area of waste products. • Successful completion of this phase marks the end of the inflammatory response phase.

  22. Pain-Spasm cycle. • Pain and muscle spasm of varying degrees accompany musculoskeletal injuries. • Muscle spasm is a protective mechanism, designed to prevent further damage. • Splint the injured area. More spasms more pain, more pain more spasms.

  23. The process of wound healing begins with the acute inflammatory reaction and then accelerates when: • Enough of the hematoma has been removed to permit the growth of new tissue.. • Most tissue involved with athletic injury do not have the ability to regenerate their respective specialized cells. • Scar formation.

  24. Epidermis and bone tissue regenerate. • Other soft tissues of the body form scar tissue. • Scar formation is identical in all tissues of the body. • Final appearance and function will vary. • Treatment and rehabilitation.

  25. Phase II: Repair and Regeneration

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