1 / 30

Boundless Teaching Platform: Customizable Textbooks and Intuitive Teaching Tools

Empower educators with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. Customize textbooks in over 20 subjects, assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and access pre-made teaching resources on the free Boundless Teaching Platform.

crystalp
Download Presentation

Boundless Teaching Platform: Customizable Textbooks and Intuitive Teaching Tools

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Organizing Life on Earth Phylogenies and the History of Life Determining Evolutionary Relationships Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree ] Phylogenies and the History of Life Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Phylogenies and the History of Life > Organizing Life on Earth Organizing Life on Earth • Phylogenetic Trees • Limitations of Phylogenetic Trees • The Levels of Classification Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/phylogenies-and-the-history-of-life-20/organizing-life-on-earth-133/

  6. Phylogenies and the History of Life > Determining Evolutionary Relationships Determining Evolutionary Relationships • Distinguishing between Similar Traits • Building Phylogenetic Trees Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/phylogenies-and-the-history-of-life-20/determining-evolutionary-relationships-134/

  7. Phylogenies and the History of Life > Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree • Limitations to the Classic Model of Phylogenetic Trees • Horizontal Gene Transfer • Endosymbiotic Theory and the Evolution of Eukaryotes • Web, Network, and Ring of Life Models Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/phylogenies-and-the-history-of-life-20/perspectives-on-the-phylogenetic-tree-135/

  8. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  9. Phylogenies and the History of Life Key terms • analogouswhen similar similar physical features occur in organisms because of environmental constraints and not due to a close evolutionary relationship • ancestralof, pertaining to, derived from, or possessed by, an ancestor or ancestors; as, an ancestral estate • basal taxona lineage, displayed using a phylogenetic tree, that evolved early from the root and from which no other branches have diverged • binomial nomenclaturethe scientific system of naming each species of organism with a Latinized name in two parts • cladesgroups of organisms that descended from a single ancestor • clonalpertaining to asexual reproduction • conjugationthe temporary fusion of organisms, especially as part of sexual reproduction • derivedof, or pertaining to, conditions unique to the descendant species of a clade, and not found in earlier ancestral species • endosymbiosiswhen one symbiotic species is taken inside the cytoplasm of another symbiotic species and both become endosymbiotic • genome fusiona result of endosymbiosis when a genome consists of genes from both the endosymbiont and the host. • homologouswhen similar physical features and genomes stem from developmental similarities that are based on evolution • horizontal gene transferthe transfer of genetic material from one organism to another one that is not its offspring; especially common among bacteria Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. Phylogenies and the History of Life • LinnaeusSwedish botanist, physician and zoologist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature; known as the "father of modern taxonomy" • maximum parsimonythe preferred phylogenetic tree is the tree that requires the least evolutionary change to explain some observed data • molecular systematicsmolecular phylogenetics is the analysis of hereditary molecular differences, mainly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships • monophyleticof, pertaining to, or affecting a single phylum (or other taxon) of organisms • phenotypicalof or pertaining to a phenotype: the appearance of an organism based on a multifactorial combination of genetic traits and environmental factors • phylogeneticof, or relating to the evolutionary development of organisms • phylogenythe evolutionary history of an organism • phylogenythe visual representation of the evolutionary history of organisms; based on rigorous analyses • polytomya section of a phylogeny in which the evolutionary relationships cannot be fully resolved to dichotomies • ring of lifea phylogenetic model where all three domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya) evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes • symbioticof a relationship with mutual benefit between two individuals or organisms • systematicsresearch into the relationships of organisms; the science of systematic classification Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Phylogenies and the History of Life • taxonany of the taxonomic categories such as phylum or subspecies • transductionhorizontal gene transfer mechanism in prokaryotes where genes are transferred using a virus • transformationthe alteration of a bacterial cell caused by the transfer of DNA from another, especially if pathogenic • web of lifea phylogenetic model that resembles a web or a network more than a tree Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Phylogenies and the History of Life Homologous structures Bat and bird wings are homologous structures, indicating that bats and birds share a common evolutionary past. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Determining Evolutionary Relationships. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44591/latest/Figure_20_02_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  13. Phylogenies and the History of Life Mechanisms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic horizontal gene transfer Horizontal gene transfer is the introduction of genetic material from one species to another species by mechanisms other than the vertical transmission from parent(s) to offspring. These transfers allow even distantly-related species (using standard phylogeny) to share genes, influencing their phenotypes. Examples of mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer are listed for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 5, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44593/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  14. Phylogenies and the History of Life Analogous structures The (c) wing of a honeybee is similar in shape to a (b) bird wing and (a) bat wing, and it serves the same function. However, the honeybee wing is not composed of bones and has a distinctly-different structure and embryonic origin. These wing types (insect versus bat and bird) illustrate an analogy: similar structures that do not share an evolutionary history. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Determining Evolutionary Relationships. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44591/latest/Figure_20_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  15. Phylogenies and the History of Life Three hypotheses of eukaryotic and prokaryotic evolution Three alternate hypotheses of eukaryotic and prokaryotic evolution are (a) the nucleus-first hypothesis, (b) the mitochondrion-first hypothesis, and (c) the eukaryote-first hypothesis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44593/latest/Figure_20_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  16. Phylogenies and the History of Life Limitations of phylogenetic trees This ladder-like phylogenetic tree of vertebrates is rooted by an organism that lacked a vertebral column. At each branch point, organisms with different characters are placed in different groups based on the characteristics they share. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Organizing Life on Earth. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44588/latest/Figure_20_01_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  17. Phylogenies and the History of Life HGT within the aphid species (a) Red aphids get their color from red carotenoid pigment. Genes necessary to make this pigment are present in certain fungi. Scientists speculate that aphids acquired these genes through HGT after consuming fungi for food. If genes for making carotenoids are inactivated by mutation, the aphids revert back to (b) their green color. Red coloration makes the aphids much more conspicuous to predators, but evidence suggests that red aphids are more resistant to insecticides than green ones. Thus, red aphids may be more fit to survive in some environments than green ones. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44593/latest/Figure_20_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  18. Phylogenies and the History of Life Phylogenetic trees Both of these phylogenetic trees shows the relationship of the three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya), but the (a) rooted tree attempts to identify when various species diverged from a common ancestor, while the (b) unrooted tree does not. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Organizing Life on Earth. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44588/latest/Figure_20_01_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Phylogenies and the History of Life Rooted phylogenetic trees The root of a phylogenetic tree indicates that an ancestral lineage gave rise to all organisms on the tree. A branch point indicates where two lineages diverged. A lineage that evolved early and remains unbranched is a basal taxon. When two lineages stem from the same branch point, they are sister taxa. A branch with more than two lineages is a polytomy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Organizing Life on Earth. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44588/latest/Figure_20_01_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. Phylogenies and the History of Life Examples of clades All the organisms within a clade stem from a single point on the tree. A clade may contain multiple groups, as in the case of animals, fungi, and plants, or a single group, as in the case of flagellates. Groups that diverge at a different branch point, or that do not include all groups in a single branch point, are not considered clades. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Determining Evolutionary Relationships. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44591/latest/Figure_20_02_05.pngView on Boundless.com

  21. Phylogenies and the History of Life Common ancestors Lizards, rabbits, and humans all descend from a common ancestor that had an amniotic egg. Thus, lizards, rabbits, and humans all belong to the clade Amniota. Vertebrata is a larger clade that also includes fish and lamprey. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Determining Evolutionary Relationships. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44591/latest/Figure_20_02_04.pngView on Boundless.com

  22. Phylogenies and the History of Life Endosymbiosis in eukaryotes The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts are endosymbiotic in origin is now widely accepted. More controversial is the proposal that (a) the eukaryotic nucleus resulted from the fusion of archaeal and bacterial genomes; and that (b) Gram-negative bacteria, which have two membranes, resulted from the fusion of Archaea and Gram-positive bacteria, each of which has a single membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44593/latest/Figure_20_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Phylogenies and the History of Life Levels in taxonomic classification At each sublevel in the taxonomic classification system, organisms become more similar. Dogs and wolves are the same species because they can breed and produce viable offspring, but they are different enough to be classified as different subspecies. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Organizing Life on Earth. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44588/latest/Figure_20_01_05.pngView on Boundless.com

  24. Phylogenies and the History of Life Hierarchical models The taxonomic classification system uses a hierarchical model to organize living organisms into increasingly specific categories. The common dog, Canis lupus familiaris, is a subspecies of Canis lupus, which also includes the wolf and dingo. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Organizing Life on Earth. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44588/latest/Figure_20_01_04ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Phylogenies and the History of Life Phylogenetic ring of life model According to the "ring of life" phylogenetic model, the three domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44593/latest/Figure_20_03_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Phylogenies and the History of Life Phylogenetic web of life model In the (a) phylogenetic model proposed by W. Ford Doolittle, the "tree of life" arose from a community of ancestral cells, has multiple trunks, and has connections between branches where horizontal gene transfer has occurred. Visually, this concept is better represented by (b) the multi-trunked Ficus than by the single trunk of the oak, similar to the tree drawn by Darwin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44593/latest/Figure_20_03_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Phylogenies and the History of Life Tree of life The (a) concept of the "tree of life" goes back to an 1837 sketch by Charles Darwin. Like an (b) oak tree, the "tree of life" has a single trunk and many branches. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 5, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44593/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  28. Phylogenies and the History of Life Attribution • Wiktionary."polytomy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polytomy • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/basal-taxon • Wiktionary."systematics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/systematics • Wiktionary."phylogeny."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phylogeny • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44588/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."phenotypical."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phenotypical • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44588/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."binomial nomenclature."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/binomial_nomenclature • Wiktionary."taxon."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/taxon • Wiktionary."Linnaeus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Linnaeus • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44588/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."molecular systematics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/molecular%20systematics • Wiktionary."phylogeny."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phylogeny • Wiktionary."homologous."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homologous • Wiktionary."analogous."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/analogous • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44591/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."maximum parsimony."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/maximum%20parsimony Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  29. Phylogenies and the History of Life • Wiktionary."ancestral."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ancestral • Wiktionary."derived."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/derived • Wiktionary."monophyletic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monophyletic • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/clades • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44591/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."horizontal gene transfer."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/horizontal_gene_transfer • Wiktionary."clonal."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clonal • Wiktionary."phylogenetic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phylogenetic • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 5, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44593/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44593/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."conjugation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conjugation • Wiktionary."transduction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transduction • Wiktionary."transformation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transformation • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44593/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/genome-fusion • Wiktionary."endosymbiosis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endosymbiosis • Wiktionary."symbiotic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/symbiotic • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44593/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/ring-of-life Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  30. Phylogenies and the History of Life • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/web-of-life • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44593/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44593/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

More Related