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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

The Age of Early European Explorations witnessed the rise of new maritime technologies, curiosity about other lands, and a quest for fame and fortune. European monarchs sought new revenue sources, prompting ventures to bypass intermediaries and reach Asia directly. The era saw expeditions to Africa, Asia, and the Americas, leading to encounters with diverse cultures and the establishment of colonies. The impact of European expansion was profound, from the Columbian Exchange to the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, shaping the emergence of modern capitalism and deepening colonial rivalries. The conquests marked a cycle of colonization, introducing new products, treasuries, and class systems across continents. The story of exploration and conquest reflects a complex interplay of motives, technologies, and consequences that reshaped the world trade patterns forever.

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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

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  1. The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

  2. Earlier Explorations • A New Player  Europe • Marco Polo, 1271 • China: Kublai Khan • China’s culture • Exotic goods • Merchants

  3. Motives for European Exploration Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation  refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.

  4. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

  5. New Weapons Technology

  6. Prince Henry, the Navigator • School for Navigation, 1419

  7. Museum of Navigationin Lisbon

  8. Portugal • Exploring the west coast of Africa. • Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. • Cape of Good Hope • Vasco da Gama, 1498. • Calicut (India)

  9. Voyages • In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

  10. Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

  11. Columbus’ Four Voyages

  12. Other Voyages of Exploration

  13. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

  14. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

  15. The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

  16. The Death of Montezuma II

  17. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

  18. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

  19. Why Conquered • Weapons- Guns and cannons • Horses • Some Native Americans joined because they hated Aztecs • Disease • Searching for gold • 1513 Ponce De Leon • Led to first Spanish settlement • Did not find gold

  20. Spain’s American Empire • Established settlements • Encomienda • Native American Slaves • Bartolome de Las Casa • 1542 • Freed Native American Slaves

  21. French, Dutch, and English Exploration • Northwest Passage • John Cabot, Giovanni da Verrazano, Jaques Cartier, Henry Hudson • Found no path to Asia

  22. Rivals • England and Spain • Attacks on Ports and ships • 1604 Ended Spanish control of the seas

  23. New Colonial Rivals

  24. Impact of European Expansion Native populations ravaged by disease. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Capitalism”] New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. Deepened colonial rivalries.

  25. Rise of Modern Capitalism

  26. Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??

  27. The “Columbian Exchange”

  28. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

  29. Treasuresfrom the Americas!

  30. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

  31. The Slave Trade • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. • Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. • Sugar cane & sugar plantations. • First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. • 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries. • Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

  32. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

  33. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

  34. African CaptivesThrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

  35. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

  36. F

  37. 5. New Patterns of World Trade

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