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SOAPS,PHENYL,DETERGENTS, ACIDS and THEIR EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT

SOAPS,PHENYL,DETERGENTS, ACIDS and THEIR EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT. DETERGENT Ingredients:. Surfactants to 'cut' grease and to wet surfaces Abrasive to scour

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SOAPS,PHENYL,DETERGENTS, ACIDS and THEIR EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT

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  1. SOAPS,PHENYL,DETERGENTS,ACIDSandTHEIR EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT

  2. DETERGENT Ingredients: • Surfactants to 'cut' grease and to wet surfaces • Abrasive to scour • Substances to modify pH or to affect performance or stability of other ingredients, acids for descaling or caustics to destroy dirt • Water softeners are used to counteract the effect of "hardness" ions on other ingredients • oxidants (oxidizers) for bleaching and destruction of dirt • Non-surfactants materials that keep dirt in suspension • Enzyme to digest proteins, fats, or carbohydrates in dirt or to modify fabric feel • Ingredients that modify the foaming properties of the cleaning surfactants, to either stabilize or counteract foam plus ingredients having other properties to go along with detergency, such as optical brighteners, softeners, etc., and colors, perfumes, etc.

  3. Process…… • The first step in manufacturing a detergent is making the surfactant. Surfactant can be made from a wide variety of raw materials including petroleum, animal fats and vegetable oils. Different kinds of surfactants are used for different jobs. Some varieties go into cold water detergents. Other surfactants work well in hard water. Still others are chosen because they do not foam • The chemical process that are involved are quite complicated. For example animal fat may be treated with a series of different chemicals- an alcohol, hydrogen gas, sulfuric acid and an alkali-to make just one kind of surfactant used in modern household detergents. The surfactant must be mixed with other chemicals that help it remove dirt more thoroughly.

  4. USES…… • In some cosmetics,chemical sprays for agriculture. • The petroleum industries uses it to increase crude oil production. • Chemical manufacturers use it for making synthetic rubber. • Cotton silk and wool fabrics are washed in detergents to make them clean and soft.

  5. SOAPIngredients & Process • The basic ingredients for soapmaking are –fats and alkali. Fats like tallow and coconut oil. Alkali like caustic soda. • In the new system of soapmaking the fats are broken down chemically, which eliminates some of the steps in kettle boiling method. In this way soap can be made in about six hours from start to finish. The method also has the advantage of producing soap that is more uniform in quality.

  6. USES………. • In washing machine,bath tubs and kitchen in our homes. • In wide variety of industries . • As a lubricant in making tiny wires for electrical appliances and aluminum foil. • As washaway polish in making jewellery. • It softens leather before it is made into shoes and handbag .

  7. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SOAP AND DETERGENT • Soaps and detergents are non-biodegradable (bacteria could not break down the molecules of the surfactants used in it) • Phosphates are widely used in detergents because they are the most effective and inexpensive which are not removed by bacteria and are not changed in the treatment of sewage. • Phosphate-rich sewage reaches lakes and rivers, it helps in multiplying the rate of growth of algae which choke out other water life. When algae die and decay the lake is filled with rotting vegetation that takes the oxygen. This is called EUTROPHICATION.

  8. PHENYL • Uses : Disinfectant cleaner. • Properties : Contains mixture of cresols. : May react with strong oxidising agents. : Incompatible with acids. : Slippery when slipped. • Ingredients : Cresylic Acid : Water : Other ingredients

  9. ACIDSUSES……... • Sulphuric acid It is used to make fertilizers and chemicals. It is used in petroleum refining to wash impurities out of gasoline and other refinery products. It is used in processing metals.

  10. USES OF NITRIC ACID Several explosives are made using nitric acid

  11. USES OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID This is a photo of the Greer Steel Company steel pickling operation in Dover, Ohio. In steel-pickling, a hydrochloric acid solution is used to remove rust and scale to prepare the steel surface for a protective coating. Notice the rusty appearance of the steel rolls in the foreground and the shiny steel rolls, already "pickled," on the conveyor belt. About ¼ of the hydrochloric acid produced in the U.S. is used for pickling steel. Hydrochloric acid is also used in the production of batteries, photoflash bulbs and fireworks. It's even used to process sugar and make gelatin.

  12. ACID RAIN

  13. CONSEQUENCES OF ACID RAIN • Trees (especially conifers) sensitive to low pH. Causes death of leaves, weakening trees. • Fish & aquatic insects sensitive to changes in pH. Causes death & disruption of food chains. • Minerals (K+, Mg+2, & Ca+2) leached from soil, making soil less fertile • Acidic H2O leaches Aluminum from soil. Aluminum ions toxic to fish & aquatic insects.

  14. PREVENTION OF ACID RAIN • Require catalytic converters on auto & truck engines & factory smoke stacks. • Require that all chemical wastes be neutralized before disposal. • Convert to hydrogen fuels, solar or wind for energy.

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