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Summary of Certification Process (part 1). IPv6 Client. IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets. Test IPv6 Tunnel. Register a Domain Name. Domain registrar Registers whois info Assigns authoritative DNS server
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IPv6 Client IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets
Register a Domain Name • Domain registrar • Registers whois info • Assigns authoritative DNS server • Puts “glue records” at the top-level domain (.info, .com, etc.) with A and AAAA records of your nameservers
IPv6 Web Server IPv6 Backbone Native IPv6 HE.NET HTTP GET Native IPv6 IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets IIS Server Listening On [::]:80 IPv6-to-IPv4 Gateway
IPv6 Email Server IPv6 Backbone Native IPv6 HE.NET SMTP SEND Native IPv6 IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets James Server Listening On [::]:25 IPv6-to-IPv4 Gateway
3.3 IPv6 Header • Traffic Class: same as TOS in IPv4 • Flow Label: used for QoS • Next Header: can start a chain of headers
3.4 IPv6 Extension Headers • Extension headers are only examined by the destination node • Except for the rarely-used Hop-by-Hop Options header
Most Important Extension Headers • TCP, UDP, ICMP6 • Specify the higher-layer protocol • AH and ESP • Used for IPsec security • Mobility • Used for Mobile IPv6
Routing Header Zero • Deprecated, and recommended to be filtered out • http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5095.txt • A denial-of-service condition is possible by specifying a malicious path, such as a loop
3.5.3 Neighbor Discovery • Main Uses • Autoconfiguration of IPv6 Addresses • Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) • Address Resolution (replacing ARP)
Router Advertisement • Router Solicitation (RS) • Sent by an interface when it is enabled and needs an IP address • Router Advertisement (RA) • Routers send these messages out, telling clients the network prefix and other configuration information
Neighbor Solicitation • Neighbor Solicitation (NS) • A node sends this message to verify that a neighbor is still reachable, or for Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) • Neighbor Advertisement (NA) • The response to a NS message
3.5.4 Autoconfiguration • Automatic addressing via two mechanisms • Stateless Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) • No server needed • Routers advertise network portion • Hosts make up their own host portion • Stateful Autoconfiguration (DHCPv6) • Requires a DHCP server
3.5.6 Path Maximum Transmission Unit (PMTU) Discovery • IPv4 allows each router to fragment packets if needed to pass into a network with a small MTU • In IPv6, only the sender can change the packet size • This makes the process much more efficient
Path Maximum Transmission Unit (PMTU) Discovery • ICMPv6 “Packet Too Big” messages are sent to inform the source device to use smaller packets