Presentation of Theories

1. Presentation of Theories Said Abid s/o Said Tahir Banking and Finance Scholar Albukhary International University 16 December 2013

2. Table of the Contents 1. Social Cognitive Learning Theory (Denler, Wolters, & Benzon, 2013). 2. Cognitive Learning Theory (Gardner, 1982). 3. Maslow’s Theory of Deficiency Needs (McLeod, 2013). 4. The Elaboration Theory by Reigeluth(1999a:426). 5. The Elaboration Theory: Epitomizing (Reigluth, 1999).

3. Social Cognitive Learning Theory Image courtesy of (www.needs.com)

4. Summary of the Social Cognitive Learning Theory Using social learning methods, the teacher has the children sit in a circle on a large carpet for group time.  The children are arranged so that every person is visible. The teacher sits at the head of the circle and reads The Milk Makers, by Gail Gibbons. After the story, the teacher distributes four cards to each child displaying four stages of milk production(Denler, Wolters, & Benzon, 2013).

5. Application The Theory explains that the Children can understand better while the teacher is having the discussion and explaining the story together with his pupils while setting with them. Through this way, the children can improve their level of understanding, memorizing, and can understand the lesson easily. And through this way the student become more brave, courage, and attentive.

6. Summary Cognitive Learning Theory Image courtesy of (www.khan.com )

7. Summary Cognitive Learning Theory When the topic seems exhausted the teacher reads the book, The Milk Makers, by Gail Gibbons.  The children are encouraged to interrupt the story for questions related to the previous hypotheses.  As the children interact with the story they are asked to edit their earlier ideas (Gardner, 1982).

8. Maslow’s Theory of Deficiency needs Image courtesy of (charactertherapist.blogspot.com)

9. Summary of Maslow’s Theory of Deficiency needs The deficiency, or basic needs are said to motivate people when they are unmet. Also, the need to fulfill such needs will become stronger the longer the duration they are denied (Mcleod, 2013).

10. Application The longer a person goes without food the more hungry they will become.

11. Elaboration Theory Image courtesy of (www.southalabama.edu)

12. Summary of the Elaboration theory Elaboration theory helps users “ select and sequence content in a way that will optimize the attainment of learning goals” Reigeluth (1999a:426) quoted by Wiley (2000:37).

13. Application The Elaboration Theory can really help AIU student while describing them about insomnia. This is because the theory follow a step by step framework, where AIU students can fully understand and eliminate this problem in the future.

14. Elaboration Theory: Epitomizing Image courtesy of (test.scripts.psu.edu)

15. Summary of the Elaboration Theory: Epitomizing Epitomizing is finding the simplest version of the task to teach and that is still representative of the entire task (Reigluth, 1999).

16. Application From the Elaboration Theory the model of Epitomizing can really help AIU students in Eliminating Insomnia. This is because AIU students prefer a simple way of describing information, so by using this theory they can avoid insomnia problem in the future.

18. References • Denler, H., Wolters, C., & Benzon, M. (2013). Social Cognitive Theory. Eduction.com, 1. • Gardner, H (1982).  Art, mind and brain: A cognitive approach to creativity.  Basic Books:  USA.  • McLeod, S. A. (2007). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html • Reigeluth, C. M. (1979). In search of a better way to organize instruction: The elaboration theory. Journal of Instructional Development, 2 (3), 8-15. • Reigeluth, C. M. (1999a). The elaboration theory: Guidance for scope and sequence decisions. In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional design theories and models: A new paradigm of instructional theory. (pp. 5-29). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.