Post-Classi cal Afric a

1. Post-Classical Africa

2. Bantu tribes migrated across southern Africa, spreading agriculture, ironworking, language and culture to those areas. Bantu groups migrated to East African coast and interacted with Arab traders, resulting in Swahili city-states for Indian Ocean trade. Bantu Migration

3. Islam initially spread into North Africa under the first caliphs (bypassing the already Christian Ethiopia), spread south across the Sahara into West Africa by Berber tribes. The first West African converts were rulers of kingdoms (including Mali) which saw Islam as a valuable tool with which to increase their authority. It was also useful to impose monotheistic belief on a diverse, polytheistic population. Conversion by the masses was more gradual and rarely eliminated all Animist rituals/beliefs. West African kingdoms were increasingly connected to the outside world through trade and the Hajj. Spread of Islam622-709 CE

4. Ghana was the first great Trade State of West Africa. Ghana’s Merchants and Kings grew very wealthytradingabundant Iron Ore and Gold for NorthAfrican Salt. Muslim traders traveled across the Sahara using camel caravans “fleets of the desert.” Kingdom of Ghana400-1200 CE

5. In the 13th century, Sundiata Keita united the people of Mali and created a strong government. Wealth and power of Mali and its capital,Timbuktuwere built on the Gold and Salt Trade. Mansa Musa (1312-1337) doubled the size of Mali. Pilgrimage to Mecca: Gold and Gifts Established Timbuktu as a center for scholarship and religious study. Kingdom of Mali1250-1450 CE

6. From south of the Niger river, the Songhai people slowly grew in regional power. Under the leadership of Sunni Ali, the Songhai gained control of trade in West Africa with the conquest of Timbuktu and Jenne in 1464. Kingdom of Songhai1000-1600 CE

7. Trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt made the West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai extremely rich. Trade wealth and Islam resulted in the construction of great centers of learning such as Timbuktu (Mali). Can you find the following cities on the map of Africa? Timbuktu, Gao, Fez, Marrekesh Tunis, Tripoli ,Cairo Trans-SaharanTrade Routes

8. Zimbabwe was the major kingdom in southern Africa: it prospered from trade with Muslim merchants on the coast of the Indian Ocean Great Zimbabwe1350-1450 CE

9. Beginning in the 8th century AD Muslim traders began to settle in ports along the East African Coast. The result was a string of City-State trading ports. The People and Traders of Mogadishu, Mombasa, Zanzibar and Kilwa grew quite wealthy from trade with India, China and West Africa. East AfricanSwahili City-States800-1505 CE

10. Traveler IbnBattuta visited West Africa and became major source of info on the civilizations of the region. Travels ofIbnBattuta

11. Indian Ocean trade system stretched from East African coast to Middle East, India, and Indonesia (Spice Islands) and included ivory, gold, and slaves from Africa traded to the Islamic empires of the Middle East to be used as soldiers, servants and laborers. Spices, silk, and other Asian goods were traded back to Africa and the Middle East in exchange for their goods. Indian Ocean Trade