1. Gang of Four (GOF) Richard Helm Ralph Johnson John Vlissides Erich Gamma Design Patterns (DP) By P. S. Suryateja Asst. Professor CSE Dept Vishnu Institute of Technology

2. Objectives • Know what are design patterns? • Know about GOF patterns. • How to select and use a pattern? • How to apply a pattern?

3. Outline • Introduction to design patterns • What is a design pattern? • Need of design patterns • Use of design patterns • Design patterns in Smalltalk MVC • Describing design patterns • Catalog of design patterns • Organizing the catalog • How to select a design pattern? • How to use a design pattern?

4. Outline (cont…) • Creational patterns • Introduction • Singleton • Abstract Factory • Factory Method • Builder • Prototype

5. Outline (cont…) • Structural Patterns

6. Introduction to Design Patterns

7. What is a design pattern (DP)? “Each pattern describes a problem which occurs over and over again in our environment, and then describes the core of the solution to that problem, in such a way that you can use this solution a million times over, without ever doing it the same way twice.” - Christopher Alexander Design patterns are repeatable / reusable solutions to commonly occurring problems in a certain context in software design.

8. What is a design pattern (DP)? (cont…) Four essential elements of a pattern: • Pattern name • Problem • Solution • Consequences

9. Need for design patterns • Designing reusable object-oriented software (API’s) is hard. • Experienced designers Vs novice designers. • Patterns make object-oriented software flexible, elegant and reusable. • Solved a problem previously but don’t remember when or how?

10. Use of design patterns • Make it easier to reuse successful designs and architectures. • Make it easy for the new developers to design software. • Allows to choose different design alternatives to make the software reusable. • Helps in documenting and maintaining the software. To get a design “right”, faster.

11. Why should we use DP’s? These are already tested and proven solutions used by many experienced designers.

12. MVC Architecture

13. Design Patterns in Smalltalk MVC

14. Describing design patterns • Pattern name and classification • Intent • Also known as • Motivation • Applicability • Structure • Participants • Collaborations

15. Describing design patterns (cont…) • Consequences • Implementation • Sample code • Known uses • Related patterns

16. Catalog of design patterns • Abstract Factory • Adapter • Bridge • Builder • Chain of Responsibility • Command • Composite • Decorator • Façade • Factory Method

17. Catalog of design patterns (cont…) • Flyweight • Interpreter • Iterator • Mediator • Memento • Observer • Prototype • Proxy • Singleton • State

18. Catalog of design patterns (cont…) • Strategy • Template Method • Visitor

19. Abstract Factory

20. Adapter

21. Bridge

22. Builder

23. Chain of Responsibility

24. Command

25. Composite

26. Decorator

27. Façade

28. Factory Method

29. Flyweight

30. Interpreter

31. Iterator

32. Mediator

33. Memento

34. Observer

35. Prototype

36. Proxy

37. Singleton

38. State

39. Strategy

40. Template Method

41. Visitor

42. Organizing the catalog

43. How to select a design pattern • Consider how design patterns solve design problems • Scan intent sections • Study how patterns interrelate • Study patterns of like purpose • Examine a cause of redesign • Consider what should be variable in your design

44. Relationships between patterns

45. How to use a design pattern • Read the pattern once through for a overview. • Study the structure, participants and collaborations sections. • Look at the sample code section to see a concrete example of the pattern in action. • Choose names for pattern participants that are meaningful in the application context. • Define the classes. • Define application-specific names for the operations in the pattern. • Implement the operations to carry out the responsibilities and collaborations in the pattern.

46. Creational Patterns

47. Introduction • Deals with how objects are created. • Increase the system’s flexibility in terms of what, who, how and when the object is created. • Further classified into two types: • Class-creational patterns • Object-creational patterns • Five creational patterns: • Abstract Factory • Builder • Factory Method • Prototype • Singleton

48. Singleton Pattern • To create exactly one object of a class and to provide a global point of access to it. Structure

49. Singleton Pattern (cont…) Non-Software Example

50. Singleton Pattern (cont…) Motivation: • Need to create exactly one user interface object. • Need to create only one print spooler.