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Granular Jets

Alexander Barnaveli. Georgia. Granular Jets. If a steel ball is dropped onto a bed of dry sand, a "splash" will be observed that may be followed by the ejection of a vertical column of sand. Reproduce and explain this phenomenon . Presentation Plan. Experiments 2. Jet formation mechanisms

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Granular Jets

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  1. Alexander Barnaveli Georgia Granular Jets If a steel ball is dropped onto a bed of dry sand, a "splash" will be observed that may be followed by the ejection of a vertical column of sand. Reproduce and explain this phenomenon.

  2. Presentation Plan • Experiments 2.Jet formation mechanisms • Void Collapse • Density waves in the sand 3.Ball penetration into granular media • Forces acting on the ball • Estimation of penetration depth • Estimation of granular jet height • Granular jet clustering 6.Conclusion

  3. Experiments Granular media - powder of sodium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3 Granular Density: ρg=2.16g/cm3 Particle Size: Dg=5·10-3 cm Ball diameters: Db1=2.9cm ; Db2=3.9cm Ball Density: ρb=11g/cm3 Ball Mass: mb1=100g ; mb2=230g video

  4. Experiments Thin Thick

  5. Jet Formation Mechanisms Void Collapse • The impacting ball creates a void • Void is pressed together through the “hydrostatic” pressure p(z) = ρsgz, from the side. • The sand converges towards the cavity center. • At the middle depth the collapse is finished first. • Radial velocity diverges as 1/ras the cavity closes up • Singularity leads to the formation of two jets: • Upwards and Downwards into air pocket • Upward jet forms "thin granular jet" • Pressurized air pocket drives the "thick granular jet"

  6. Jet Formation Mechanisms Void Collapse

  7. Jet Formation Mechanisms Density waves Hemisphere • Penetrating ball pushes the granules downwards and to the sides. • This creates “Density Waves”. • “Density Waves” are being reflected by the walls of the container. • Reflected waves support the granular jet burst • The shape of the container walls and the place of ball penetration can play the sufficient role in the jet generation. Pushing granules Hemisphere penetration Video

  8. Jet Formation Mechanisms Density waves Non - Damped Damped Hjet hjet Hjet >> hjet Video

  9. Jet Formation Mechanisms Density waves Inverse Angle Video

  10. Ball Penetration Into Sand Forces acting on the ball • Energy redistribution channels: • Lifting grains during crater formation • Ball/grain, grain/grain Inelastic collisions; • Particle-particle sliding , ball-grain sliding friction; • Motion of grain mass pushed by penetrating ball. Total force on the ball: Gravity, Depth-dependent resistance force , Velocity-dependent drag force

  11. Ball Penetration Into Sand Forces acting on the ball F(v) = F0 + cv2 Velocity-dependent drag force Poncelet force law α- scaling factor, F0 - parameter Interpretation: Inertial force required for the ball to mobilize a volume Db3 of granular media.

  12. Ball Penetration Into Sand Forces acting on the ball Depth-dependent force Experimental measurements. Granular Density: ρg=2.16g/cm3 Ball parameters: Db1=2.9cm ; mb1=100g ; Db2=3.9cm ; mb2=230g Resistance force is parabolic. Also: Using dimensional considerations: η- scaling factor Comparing with experimental measurements η≈25.

  13. Ball Penetration Into Sand Penetration depth 1. Only , where H=h+d ρb = 11 g/cm3 , ρg = 2,16 g/cm3 , η≈25 fit the experiments. h- dropping height, d- penetration depth.

  14. Ball Penetration Into Sand Penetration depth 2. Only Solution penetration depth: α ≈ 2 ; F0 ≈ mbg + 0.65N fit the experiments.

  15. Jet Height Jet Height measurement Jet height vs drop height

  16. Jet Height

  17. Jet Clustering Possible mechanisms for Jet Clustering: • Hydrodynamic interactions with the surrounding gas, • Inelastic grain–grain collisions, • Cohesive forces. • Cohesion can arise from : • Electrostatic charging, • Van der Waals forces • Capillary forces.

  18. Conclusions • Main mechanisms of granular jet formation are: • Inertial focusing of the void due to “hydrostatic” pressure in the granular media. • “Density waves” induced by the impacting wall. • Density waves are very important. • They support jet formation. We showed that container shape crucially affects the Jet height • Forces acting on the ball are: • Depth-dependent resistance force • Velocity-dependent drag force • Estimated the shape of these forces and calculated penetration depth. • Bursting jets are clusterized • Mentioned the reasons of this clusterization. It needs further investigation.

  19. Thank you for Attention!

  20. References: • [1]. Raymond Bergmann. “Impact on Sand and Water”. Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, The Netherlands 2007; • [2]. John R. Royer et Al, “Birth and growth of a granular jet”.PHYSICAL REVIEW E 78, 011305 (2008); • [3]. S. T. Thoroddsen and Amy Q. Shen. “Granular Jets”. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS VOL. 13, No 1, JAN 2001. • [4]. H. Katsuragi and D. J. Durian. “Unified force law for granular impact cratering”. Nature Physics 3 (6), 420-423 JUN 2007 .

  21. Additional Slides:

  22. Jet Height • Jet height increases with the drop height; Rough Considerations Hj - Jet Height; Db - Ball diameter; ρb- ball density, Dg- grain diameter, ρg- grain density, Svoid - Void crossection; Sjet- Jet crossection; g - gravity, d- void depth, Energy acquired by jet by the collapse Jet energy ; Ej~ Ecollso

  23. Ball Penetration Into Sand Penetration depth 2. Only Motion equation: Boundary condition: Solution for ball velocity: α ≈ 2 ; F0 ≈ mbg + 0.65N fit the experiments. Boundary condition: Solution penetration depth:

  24. Ball Penetration Into Sand Penetration depth 1. Only Energy conservation law: h- dropping height, d- penetration depth. Here from: , where H=h+d ρb = 11 g/cm3 , ρg = 2,16 g/cm3 , η≈25 fit the experiments.

  25. Exit

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