Investments in Safety by JR East Japan HIDEAKI KIMURA Transport Safety Department

1. Investments in Safety by JR East Japan HIDEAKI KIMURA Transport Safety Department East Japan Railway Company International Railway Safety Conference in London October 8, 2012

2. JR Group Map JR Hokkaido JR East JR West Tokyo JR Kyushu Osaka JR Central JR Freight JR Shikoku 2

3. Overview of JR East 1 *The figures are as of April 1, 2012　 December 4, 2010 Service started between Hachinohe and Shin-Aomori December 4, 2010 Service started between Hachinohe and Shin-Aomori Shin-Aomori Number of employees 59,130 Working kilometers 7,512.6 km Number of stations 1,689 Number of in-service trains12,757/day Number of trains13,157 Hachinohe Akita Shinjo Niigata Nagano Shinkansen1134.7 km Conventional lines converted for Shikansen service 6377.9 km Tokyo New direct lines (see above) 275.9 km 3 Extension work underway(Shinkansen)

4. Overview of JR East 2 Per day: Train-kilometers: 710,000 KM Passengers: 16.50 million Crossing openings: approximately 700,000 times Signal validations: approximately 1.2 million times Door openings: approximately 6 milliontimes 4

5. Contents 1. Safety is an important mission for our railway business a) We have been working consistently to improve safety as our important mission. b) For safety investments , we have invested more than 2,200 billion yen under the past four 5-year safety plans. 2. Prevention of accidents by evaluating risks in advance a) Our present method to prevent serious accidents is mainly to prevent repeating the accidents or events that had happened. b) In the fifth 5-year safety plan , we introduced risk evaluation that takes into consideration the frequency of the events we have experienced in the past ,and the maximum scale of damage of the events we can imagine. 3. Our way of thinking about safety investments a) We will continue the present method to prevent serious accidents. In addition, we will advance the new method of before the fact prevention of accidents by risk evaluation b)We will push forward countermeasures based on the experience of the Great East Japan Earthquake disaster, taking countermeasures for a possible earthquake directly beneath the Tokyo metropolitan area. 5

6. Midterm Plans for Safety Safety Priority Investiment Plan 1989-1993Formulation of a safety-related investment plan Safety Basic Plan 1994-1998 Integrated plan covering both tangible and intangible aspects Safety Plan 21 1999-2003 Prevention of major accidents and improvement of transportation quality Safety Plan 2008 2004-2008 Going back to basics and re-approaching safety 2013 Safety Vision 2009-2013 Approach safety through independent thinking and acting

7. 2013 Safety Vision Approach safety through independent thinking and acting Creating a culture of safety Safety-related human resource development and system improvement New perspective I Rebuilding a safety management system Taking sure steps to reduce risks Prevention of accidents by evaluating risks in advande New perspective II Promoting active installation of safety facilities 7

8. Kind of railway accidents occur * Defined in Train Accident Report Regulations Train accidentsCollisions, derailments, fires Accidents at level crossings (Collisions or contact with trains at crossings) Accidents resulting in injuries or fatalities(Accidents causing deaths or injuries to people [excluding suicides]) Accidents causing damage to property (Accidents causing JPY 5 million or more in property damage) Train operation accidents Events requiring attention Events with high possibility of passenger or employee death or injury Transportation disruption Events requiring reporting Events that could lead to a railway operation accident, events causing a major impact on passengers, and events caused by human error Mai hyatto Events that were caught in advance, and for which the stipulated handling was conducted as a result Events causing concern on a regular basis Events causing an impact or delay in train operations 8

9. Train accidents (all JNR and All JR) All JR JNR (No. of accidents) 2011 9

10. Number of Railway Operating Accidents [Number ofaccidents] per million kilometers [Fiscal year] Reduced by approximately onethird since JR established 10

11. Major past accidents（１） 1951Sakuragicho train fire106 deaths 1962Mikawashima train collision159 deaths 1963Tsurumi train collision161 deaths 11

12. Major past accidents（２） 1988Higashinakano Station train collision2 deaths 2005Fukuchiyama Line derailment 107 deaths 2005Uetsu Line derailment5 deaths 12

13. ○1951 Sakuragicho train fire → Improvements to train body structure, window structure, and connecting doors; train announcements; safety manifesto ○1962 Mikawashima train collision → ATS improvement, radio alarms for train protection, regulation revisions, establishment of railway labor science institute ●1987 Japanese National Railways privatized and divided, and JR established ○1988 Higashinakano train collision → ATS-P improvement, safety research institute, training center, Midterm Plans for Safety ○1988 Rokuhara derailment → disaster prevention information system ○1991Shigaraki Kogen Railway collision → substitute blocking on single track prohibited as general rule ○1992 Osuga crossing accident → obstacle detection equipment, OH warning device ○1995Great Hanshin Earthquake → anti-seismic reinforcement measures on elevated bridges ○1997Accident at Katahama on the Tokaido Line→blocking instructions operations ○2004Shinkansen derailment caused by the Chuetsu Earthquake → train breakaway prevention measures, early earthquake detection system, power outage detection equipment ○2005Fukuchiyama Line derailment → ATS equipment for curved tracks ○2005 Uetsu Line derailment → expansion of anemometers, gale warning systems, disaster prevention research center, operating regulations and Doppler radar research using weather information 〇2011 Great East Japan Earthquake→ anti-seismic reinforcement measures expanded, behavioral guidelines for tsunami occurence History of railway accidents 13

14. Trend in safety investments Safety Basic Plan Safety Priority Investment Plan Investment results (Hundred millions of yen) Safety Plan 2008 2013 Safety Vision Safety Plan 21 4000 3950 (planned) Approximately JPY 750 billion (Five years) safetyInvestment 3637 3544 3234 3211 Total investment 3153 3074 3000 2773 2753 2459 2414 2355 2262 2270 2238 2234 2236 2223 2189 2146 2096 2038 1961 2000 1818 1679 1676 1560 1630 (planned) 1749 1519 1349 1301 1177 1112 1080 1063 1023 1017 979 970 944 1000 885 892 892 895 889 886 872 813 829 550 Conduct a total safety investment of over JPY 2.7 trillion 276 0 2011 2009 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 14 Fiscal Year

15. Risk analysis based on results 100 ●:Average of all JR rail accidents ■: Reference (JR East) Fiscal 1987 to 2007 all JR figures Annual average frequency of occurrence (times per year) Falls 10 Crossing Door jamming Rain Running through signal 1 Falling rocks Brake handling error (bumper) Track obstruction Track work Excessive speed Other Wind Earthquake Automobile intrusion External obstacle 0.1 Excessive speed Non-blocking Before Fukuchiyama Line accident After Fukuchiyama Line accident 0.01 1 10 100 1000 Average number of deaths for accidents that caused deaths (persons per time) 15

16. Frequency Evaluating new risk Past crossing accidents June 18 , 1989 Nambu Line October 12, 1999 Seibu Railway September 26, 2002 Nagoya Railroad Number of level crossing accidents over the past 20 years Ranking for potential damage A: Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Tokyo metropolitan area large earthquake(assumption) B: Osutakayama airplane disaster, Tsunami collision, Mikawashima collision, Fukuchiyama line derailment C: Shigaraki-kougen Railway collision, Uetsu Line derailment D: People being hit by a train at a station platform. Derailment: 21 cases Level crossing derailment accident Frequency of occurrence Non-derailment 1,271 cases Derailment accidents on multiple tracks Maximum potential damage ranking ⇒ B D C B A Maximum estimation damage ranking ⇒ B 16

17. Operator related (Train collision at Otsuki Station on the Chuo Line) Signal related (Derailment accident at Sendai Railyard) Disasters (earthquakes) (Derailment accident on the Joetsu Shinkansen Line between Urasa and Nagaoka) Passengers: 159 (no deaths or injuries) Passengers: 151 (no deaths or injuries) Passengers: approximately 550 (78 injuries) Train car related (Fire on the Arcadia on the Joetsu Line) Work related (Track upheaval near Takadanobaba Station on the Yamanote Line) Track maintenance related (Backhoe collision near Oimachi Station on the Keihin Tohoku Line) Passengers: 80 (no deaths or injuries) Passengers: approximately 2,000 (3 injuries) Passengers: approximately 150 (no deaths or injuries) One misstep... 17

18. Risk evaluation and countermeasures Frequency of occurrence Contact with rolling stock on station platform Level crossing derailment accidents Dragging caused by door jamming Derailments due to falling rocks Derailments due to excess speed Wheel-climb derailment, sand, and gravel Mafor earthquake in the Tokyo metropolitan area Low-speed derailment DCBA Maximum estimation damage ranking 18

19. Major countermeasures Countermeasures against Tokyo metropolitan area large earthquake Countermeasures against excessive speed; Countermeasures against miscommunication Detecting and stopping trains at an early stage, examining the earthquake-proof measures on each line For train drivers, the installation of ATS※-P or ATS-Ps and countermeasures to prevent excessive speed at tenporary speed restrictions. ※ATS:automatic train stop For dispatchers, improving train radio systems and installing asystem with automatic communication to drivers and conductors on trains. Countermeasures against level crossing derailment accidents Countermeasures that prevent pedestrians from crossing just in front of moving trains, countermeasures against secondary damage, installation of crossing obstacle detectors according to the danger level at crossings outside of the Tokyo metropolitan area. Safety measures for station platform Countermeasures against natural disasters Installing movable platform barriers, increasing the number of emergency train stop devices, measures for safety of escalators and elevators, countermeasures that prevent passengers from falling between car and platform. Reliable countermeasures against rock falls and landslips. 19

20. Reinforcement of particularly weak sections Embankment (retaining walls, etc.) Chuo Line (Ochanomizu to Suidobashi) Reinforcement example (ground anchor) Countermeasures against Tokyo metropolitan area large earthquake The times in the circle are the times needed for arrival to the city center (An earthquake in the north of Tokyo Bay used as calculation example) 25s 15s 10s 15s 20s 25s Early detection and early stopping Expanding anti-seismic reinforcements 20

21. countermeasures against secondary damage due to level crossing derailment accident Stance towards countermeasures until now ○ Countermeasures focused on recurrence prevention 　・Countermeasures in response to gridlocks inside crossings 　・Countermeasures in areas immediately before crossings, etc. Crossing obstacle detection equipment Accident example Collision of train and automobile at the level crossing Large crossing rod New stance towards countermeasures ○ Countermeasures focused on advanced prevention 　・Countermeasures preventing secondary damage 　・Countermeasures in areas immediately before crossings, etc. Assumed accident case Collision train from opposite direction with car of derailed train River Breakaway prevention guard (example) Assumed accident case There is a river or tunnel in the area 21

22. Safety measures for station platform Office station Emergency train stop alarm system To elevator center Platform edge doors I/F (2) Gentle stop function 　　　　　　⇒ Motor replacement Footboard side plate (3) Enhanced braking power 　　　　⇒ Brake replacement (1) Changed safety equipment operating conditions Lead-in portion of handrail belt Escalator safety measures 22

23. Countermeasures for serious accidents The Uetsu Line accident ・Research on using Doppler radar ・Using weather information ・Expanding the installation of anemometers, and increasing the sections to speed restrictions when winds are high ・Expansion of windbreak fences The Joetsu Shinkansen derailment ・ Breakaway prevention guard ・Countermeasures against rail rollover ・Continuing seismic reinforcement of elevates bridges ・Expanding the early earthquake detection and train stopping systems The Fukuchiyama Line derailment ・Preventing excessive speed by installing ATS ・Introducing automatically transmitted train protection radio signals ・Signal passed at danger prevented by installing ATS-Ps 23

24. Overview of the Great East Japan Earthquake Occurred: Friday, March 11, 2011 at around 14:46Epicenter: Sanriku Oki (approximately 130 km east-southeast of Oshika Peninsula (N38.0, E142.9))Earthquake magnitude: M 9.0(maximum magnitude of 7 =Kurihara City, Miyagi Prefecture) Number of aftershocks Magnitude of approximately upper/lower 6: 1 timeMagnitude of approximately upper/lower 5: 14 times(as of 15:00, 3/31) Observed Si value: 85.4 kine at Shin-Sanbongi (Shinkansen) 98.5 kine at Yabuki (conventional line)44.0 kine at Shin-Urayasu (conventional line) [Reference] Shinkansen operations suspended at 18 kine or above Morioka Sendai Niigata Epicenter Fukushima Nagano Takasaki Omiya Tokyo Map of estimated distribution of seismic intensity Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (March 11, 2011 16:00) 24

25. Damage caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake (trains and train cars) Between Matsuiwa and Saichi on the Kesennuma Line: Overturning Ishinomaki Station on the Senseki Line: Flooding Tsugaruishi Station on the Yamada Line: Derailment Between Tomei and Nobiru on the Senseki Line: Derailment Onagawa Station on the Ishinomaki Line: Overturning Sendai Shinko: Derailment and flooding Nagacho Station on the Tohoku Line: Derailment Sendai Station on the Tohoku Shinkansen Line: Derailment Hamayoshida Station on the Joban Line: Flooding and overturning 25 Shinchi Station on the Joban Line: Overturning

26. Damage caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake (ground equipment) Slippage Between Sendai and Shinkansen General Railyard Center on the Tohoku Shinkansen Line: Electric pole breakage Between Sakunami and Yatsumori on the Senzan Line: Embankment runoff Between Shin-Hanamaki and Morioka on the Tohoku Shinkansen Line: Elevated bridge pillar damage (reinforcements exposed) Between Nagacho and Miyagino on the Tohoku Freight Line: Retaining wall landslide and embankment runoff Between Niwasaka and Akaiwa on the Ou Line: Retaining wall tilting and track bed runoff Between Fukushima and Higashifukushima on the Tohoku Line: Bridge girder angle portion damage Hitachitaga Station on the Joban Line: Platform retaining wall collapsed Between Nobukata and Kashimajingu on the Kashima Line: Bridge girder slippage Between Yabuki and Izumisawa on the Tohoku Line:Embankment sinking 26

27. (1) Structural reinforcements Existing countermeasures against earthquake Seismic reinforcement of elevated bridges (2) Emergency train stops Improvements in the Shinkansen early earthquake detection system Installation of train stop detection equipment in train cars (3) Measures that keep trains close to the track when there is a deralment L-shaped car guide Countermeasures against rail rollover 27

28. Expanding countermeasures against earthquake Further strengthening through anti-seismic reinforcement measures ・ Preparations for an earthquake directly under the Tokyo Metropolitan Area Countermeasures for earthquake directly beneath the Tokyo metropolitan area (Viaduct columns, embankments and bridges, etc.) ・ Expansion of countermeasures based on experience of Great East Japan Earthquake Decreasing damage after the occurrence of an earthquake ・ Expanding the installation of seismometers ・ Strengthening communication functions, enhancing capacity of batteries at communications offices, etc. ・ Speedy search and rescue after the occurrence of an earthquake and measures to ensure the maintenance of the functions of the Countermeasures Headquarters. Tsunami countermeasures ・ re-examination of the way how our manuals and training should be, establishment of a disaster message board and emergency evacuation routes, etc. 28

29. Thank you for your attention