Chapter 9: The Sasanid Empire and the Rise of Islam

1. Chapter 9: The Sasanid Empire and the Rise of Islam

2. The Sasanid Empire (224-632) • Sasanid Empire established in 224 and controlled Persia and Mesopotamia. • Zoroastrianism – official religion. • Religion began to replace citizenship, language, and ethnicity as a person’s link to a group.

3. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • A Prophet and His World • Muhammad and His Message • Muhammad’s Early Life • Born in Mecca. • Entered caravan business.

4. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • A Prophet and His World • Muhammad and His Message • Muhammad’s Early Life • Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation • Received revelations from Allah around 610 AD.

5. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • A Prophet and His World • Muhammad and His Message • Muhammad’s Early Life • Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation • The Quran

6. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • A Prophet and His World • Muhammad’s Migration to Medina • Conflict at Mecca

7. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • A Prophet and His World • Muhammad’s Migration to Medina (Yathrib) • Conflict at Mecca - 622 • The Hijra – Flight marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

8. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • A Prophet and His World • Muhammad’s Migration to Medina • Conflict at Mecca • The Hijra • The Umma – single group formed to recognize Muhammad as the “Messenger of God” and the core organization of the Islamic state.

9. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • A Prophet and His World • Muhammad’s Migration to Medina • Conflict at Mecca • The Hijra • The Umma • The “Seal of the Prophets” • Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad. “People of the book”

10. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • A Prophet and His World • The Establishment of Islam in Arabia • Muhammad’s Return to Mecca

11. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • A Prophet and His World • The Establishment of Islam in Arabia • Muhammad’s Return to Mecca • The Five Pillars of Islam

12. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • A Prophet and His World • The Establishment of Islam in Arabia • Muhammad’s Return to Mecca • The Five Pillars of Islam • Profession of faith - Allah as God

13. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • A Prophet and His World • The Establishment of Islam in Arabia • Muhammad’s Return to Mecca • The Five Pillars of Islam • Profession of faith - Allah as God • Daily Prayer – 5 times a day.

14. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • A Prophet and His World • The Establishment of Islam in Arabia • Muhammad’s Return to Mecca • The Five Pillars of Islam • Allah as God • Daily Prayer • Fasting during Ramadan

15. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • A Prophet and His World • The Establishment of Islam in Arabia • Muhammad’s Return to Mecca • The Five Pillars of Islam • Allah as God • Daily Prayer • Fasting during Ramadan • Alms for the weak and poor

16. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • A Prophet and His World • The Establishment of Islam in Arabia • Muhammad’s Return to Mecca • The Five Pillars of Islam • Allah as God • Daily Prayer • Fasting during Ramadan • Alms for the weak and poor • Pilgrimage to Mecca - Hajj

17. Chapter 9Rise of Islam

18. Chapter 9The Rise of Islam

19. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • A Prophet and His World • The Establishment of Islam in Arabia • Muhammad’s Return to Mecca • The Five Pillars of Islam • Islamic Law: The Sharia

20. Chapter 9:The Expansion of Islam • The Expansion of Islam • The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty • The Caliphate • 632-1258 The Expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E.

21. Chapter 9:The Expansion of Islam • The Expansion of Islam • The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty • The Caliph • The Expansion of Islam The Expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E.

22. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • Division of Islamic Followers • Mohammad’s death in 632 caused a problem with succession. • Caliph or leader appointed as a spiritual and political leader to continue the faith. • Abu Bakr (632-634) united Bedouin tribes to protect the new religion against outside threats.

23. Chapter 9:The Rise of Islam • Sunni – Muslims that believe that any Muslim that is a true follower of the faith can be both the political and spiritual leader of Islam. • Approximately 80-90% of all Muslims. • Shi’a (Shi’ite) – Muslims that believe that the true leader of the faith must be a direct descendent of Ali.

24. Chapter 9:The Expansion of Islam • The Expansion of Islam • The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty • The Caliph • The Expansion of Islam - Jihad The Expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E.

25. Chapter 9:The Expansion of Islam • The Expansion of Islam • The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty • The Caliph • The Expansion of Islam • The Umayyad Dynasty - 661-750

26. Chapter 9:The Expansion of Islam • The Expansion of Islam • The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty • The Caliph • The Expansion of Islam • The Umayyad Dynasty • Policy Toward Conquered Peoples • Allowed religious freedom. Non-Muslims paid a special tax.

27. Chapter 9:The Expansion of Islam • The Expansion of Islam • The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty • The Caliph • The Expansion of Islam • The Shia • The Umayyad Dynasty • Policy Toward Conquered Peoples • Umayyad Decline • Decadent living by leaders. Resentment from conquered peoples.

28. Chapter 9:The Expansion of Islam • The Expansion of Islam • The Abbasid Dynasty • 750-1258 • Abu al-Abbas

29. Chapter 9:The Expansion of Islam • The Expansion of Islam • The Abbasid Dynasty • Abu al-Abbas • The Abbasid Dynasty

30. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • The Expansion of Islam • The Abbasid Dynasty • Abu al-Abbas • The Abbasid Dynasty • Abbasid Administration Agricultural Village, ca 1200 C.E.

31. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • The Expansion of Islam • The Abbasid Dynasty • Abu al-Abbas • The Abbasid Dynasty • Abbasid Administration • Used Persian model of bureaucratic rule. • Central authority in Baghdad • Used judges and religious leaders to set moral standards in each community.

32. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • The Expansion of Islam • The Abbasid Dynasty • Abu al-Abbas • The Abbasid Dynasty • Abbasid Administration • Abbasid Decline • Civil wars and provincial governors taking more authority than central ruler.

33. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World • New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth • The Spread of Food and Industrial Crops

34. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World • New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth • The Spread of Food and Industrial Crops • Effects of New Crops • Increase in food supplies • Cotton – increased textile production

35. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World • New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth • The Spread of Food and Industrial Crops • Effects of New Crops • Agricultural Experimentation

36. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World • New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth • The Spread of Food and Industrial Crops • Effects of New Crops • Agricultural Experimentation • Urban Growth

37. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World • The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone • Overland Trade

38. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World • The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone • Overland Trade • Camels and Caravans

39. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World • The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone • Overland Trade • Camels and Caravans • Maritime Trade Slave Market, ca 1200 C.E.

40. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World • The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone • Overland Trade • Camels and Caravans • Maritime Trade • Banks

41. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World • The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone • Overland Trade • Camels and Caravans • Maritime Trade • Banks • The Organization of Trade

42. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World • The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone • Overland Trade • Camels and Caravans • Maritime Trade • Banks • The Organization of Trade

43. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World • The Changing Status of Women • The Quran and Women • Harem • Seclusion of women from men • Women could own property; testify in court • Women played an indirect role in Muslim society

44. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World • The Changing Status of Women • The Quran and Women • Veiling of Women • Strong patriarchal societies. Veiling present before Islam. Persian custom adopted by Muslims as the religion spread.

45. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges • The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition • Promotion of Islamic Values • Establishment of religious schools – madraras • Ulama (religious scholars), qadis (Islamic judges), and missionaries spread the religion.

46. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges • The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition • Promotion of Islamic Values • Sufis • Religious mystics

47. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges • The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition • Promotion of Islamic Values • Sufis • Sufi Missionaries

48. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges • The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition • Promotion of Islamic Values • Sufis • Sufi Missionaries • Hajj

49. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges • Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India, and Greece • Persian Influences on Islam • Political organization. • Language – (Arabic)

50. Chapter 9:The Expansive Realm of Islam • Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges • Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India, and Greece • Persian Influences on Islam • Indian Influences on Islam • Hindu numerals.