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Revolutions broke out in Spain & Naples in 1820, Greece in 1821, and France, Belgium, and Poland in 1830. METTERNICH’S CONFERENCE SYSTEM AND THE THREAT OF REVOLUTION See Henry A. Kissinger, A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problems of Peace, 1812-1822 (Boston, 1957).
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Revolutions broke out in Spain & Naples in 1820, Greece in 1821, and France, Belgium, and Poland in 1830
METTERNICH’S CONFERENCE SYSTEMAND THE THREAT OF REVOLUTIONSee Henry A. Kissinger, A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problems of Peace, 1812-1822 (Boston, 1957)
THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION OF 1815:Baden, Württemberg, & Bavaria adopted liberal constitutions
German Romantics provided some support for Metternich:Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Medieval City on a River (ca. 1815)
The Wartburg Festival, October 1817:The Burschenschaften wave their banner of black, red & gold These patriotic fraternities celebrated the legacies of Martin Luther & the Wars of Liberation, and swore to promote the welfare of Germany. Metternich was appalled.
The Murder of August Kotzebue by Carl Sand, March 1819:This playwright reported on German conditions to Tsar Alexander
THE CARLSBAD DECREES OF SEPTEMBER 1819 • A police inspector will be appointed for each university. • All university & school teachers will be fired if they “propagate doctrines subversive of existing government institutions.” • The Universal Students’ Union (Allgemeine Burschenschaft) will be suppressed, “since the very conception of the society implies the utterly unallowable plan of permanent fellowship and constant communication between the various universities.” • No magazine or newspaper will go to press “without the previous knowledge and approval of the state officials.” • Each German state is responsible to all the other states for any publication attacking another state’s administration. Thereafter Metternich categorically opposed any grant of a written constitution or bill of rights.
“The Man of the New Age” (1819):Metternich’s “presumptuous man”
Meeting of the Thinkers’ Club (German cartoon, ca. 1825)“The important question to be discussed in today’s meeting:How long will we be allowed to go on thinking?”
J.A.D. Ingres, "The Vow of Louis XIII," 1824:This ancestor of Louis XVIII has dedicated his reign to the Virgin Mary in 1638 and sworn to suppress Protestantism.
Controversial decisions by Charles X: • To revive the ceremony of the “royal touch” for scrofulous beggars. • To restore the death penalty for blasphemy. • To reduce interest rates on state bonds to compensate the Church and emigré nobility for their lost lands. • To withdraw the Constitutional Charter in July 1830.
Théodore Gudin, “The Naval Assault on Algiers, 29 June 1830” (painted in 1831): Charles X sought popularity through conquest in North Africa.
The Return of Marianne:Eugene Delacroix, “Liberty Leading the People” (1830)
Louis Philippe, duc d’Orléans, agrees to take office as King “by will of the People” and restore the tricolor flag.The July Monarchy of 1830-1848 was “liberal” but NOT “democratic”.
François Rudé,“La Marseillaise”[actually, “1792: The Departure of the Volunteers”],Arc de Triomphe,1833-36
Eugène Isabey, “The Transfer of Napoleon’s Remains,” December 1840 (1842)
Goya, “King Charles IV and His Family” (ca. 1800):The future King Ferdinand VII stands on the left
Francisco de Goya (1746-1828),Self-Portrait in 1815:A royal court painter since 1786, he executed an epic cycle of 82 aquatint prints from 1810 to 1820, The Disasters of War
Goya’s hero, Minister of Justice Jovellanos (1798) and an archaic prison. “Let the punishment fit the crime!”
The hedonistic prime minister, Manuel Godoy,making war on Portugal in 1801
THE SPANISH MONARCHY HAD LOST POPULAR SUPPORT EVEN BEFORE THE FRENCH TAKEOVER • 1801-02: Napoleon persuades Godoy to declare war on Portugal and Great Britain (ended by the Peace of Amiens) • 1807: Godoy renews French alliance in February, and a Franco-Spanish army conquers Lisbon in November; French garrisons are stationed throughout northern Spain. • March 17, 1808, Tumult of Aranjuez: A mob compels Godoy to resign and Charles IV to abdicate in favor of his son. • May 2/3, 1808: Popular uprising against the French in Madrid occurs against the wishes of all royal officials. • May 10, 1808: Both Charles IV and Ferdinand VII appeal to Napoleon in Bayonne, who persuades both to abdicate in favor of Joseph Bonaparte. • May-October 1808: Revolutionary juntas spring up throughout Spain, while the British land troops in Portugal.
DISASTERS #7: “What Courage!”The “Maid of Saragossa” took charge of a batteryon August 14, 1808, and repelled a French attack
DISASTERS #11: “They don’t want to”(A half dozen plates depict rape)
DISASTERS #48: “A cruel shame” –Over half the 100,000 Spaniards in Saragossa died in the second siege of Oct 1808-Feb 1809, and famine ravagedMadrid from September 1811 to August 1812
Goya’s portraits of the Duke of Wellington (August 1812) and King Ferdinand VII (1814): The Spanish Cortes proclaimed a liberal constitution in 1812, but Ferdinand withdrew it in 1814
DISASTERS #66: “Strange devotion” –Ferdinand allied himself with Catholic conservatism in 1814
Goya, “The Inquisition Tribunal” (1812-1819):Such public ceremonies had ended in the early 18th century but became possible again under Ferdinand VII
METTERNICH’S CASE FOR INTERVENTION IN SPAIN:Dispatch to the Austrian chargé d’affaires in Madrid, summer 1822 • “The revolution in Spain, considered solely in relation to the pernicious influence which it has exercised on the kingdom which suffered it, would be an event worthy of all the attention and all the interest of foreign sovereigns…. But a just repugnance to meddle with the internal affairs of an independent state would perhaps have determined these sovereigns to make no pronouncement on the situation in Spain, if the evil produced by the revolution had confined itself and could confine itself to the interior. But this is not the case; this revolution, before it even reached maturity, has already provoked great disasters in other countries; it is this revolution which by contagion of its principles and its example, and by the intrigues of its principal authors, has caused the revolutions in Naples and Piedmont…. Everywhere the deadly means employed in Spain to prepare and carry out the revolution have served as models for those who hope to effect new conquests. Everywhere the Spanish constitution has become the rallying point and the war cry of a faction conspiring against the stability of thrones and the peace of peoples.”
French troops take Cadiz, August 1823: They toppled agovernment that sought to restore the 1812 constitution
“The Execution of Torrijos and His Companions in 1823” –Despite a promise of amnesty, Ferdinand launched savage reprisals against the leaders of the liberal revolution
In Russia the reactionary Nicholas I came to the throne in December 1825 and crushed the Decembrist Revolt When they heard of Alexander’s death, 3,000 troops occupied Senate Square in St. Petersburg to demand a constitutional monarchy Tsar Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855), brother of Alexander
Polish army cadets seize the Warsaw Arsenal, November 29, 1830. In February 1831, 200,000 Russian troops invaded Poland, and Nicholas withdrew its constitution.
