IPv6: The Next Generation Internet Protocol

1. IPv6: The Next Generation Internet Protocol CEOS WGISS 18: Beijing, China September 2004 Dave Hartzell Computer Sciences Corp, NASA Ames dHartzell@arc.nasa.gov

2. Agenda • What? • Why? • How? • When? • Where? • Your role as a developer and user

3. What Is IPv6? • Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the next generation Internet Protocol. • It is designed to supplement IPv4 and fix problems with IPv4 and allow for future growth. • IPv4 is the IP protocol currently in use on the Internet today.

4. Why IPv6? • IPv6 primarily fixes the major problem we have with IPv4: Depletion of address space. • IPv4 has a 32-bit address space. Each host on the Internet needs a legitimate, routable IPv4 address to communicate.

5. Current IPv4 Addressing • But why is there a problem with IPv4 addressing? 232 = 4,294,967,296 addresses, right?

6. Wrong • Unfortunately, IPv4 has many inefficiencies, and the 4 billion+ addresses were ineffectively allocated 30 years ago. • “Class-full” Routing (per network/org): • Class A: 16 million 5.x.x.x 255.0.0.0 • Class B: 65,536 hosts 150.150.x.x 255.255.0.0 • Class C: 256 hosts 215.10.10.x 255.255.255.0

7. “Classes” • Class A • 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0 = only 126 class A’s • Taken by large companies (IBM, AT&T) and universities (MIT) that didn’t need that much space. • Class B • 128.0.x.x to 191.255.x.x • Given to Government agencies and universities and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) • Class C • 192.1.1.x to 223.255.255.x • Given to small business, universities and small ISPs

8. The “Other” Classes • Class D: • 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 • IPv4 Multicast • Probably wasted space • Class E: • 240.0.0.0 to 247.255.255.255 • ??? More wasted space • 248.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 ? • I don’t know. “Future use”

9. The Point Is… • Class-full routing may have seem like a good way to manage early IPv4 address space, but it could not keep up with demand. • So, in the mean-time, “Class-less” routing was adopted, which dropped the Classes (A,B,C) from the hierarchy. • Classless allowed organizations like MIT, IBM, etc., to give back space, while hanging on to most of the original used space.

10. Again, Why Do We Need v6? • Given the allocation trends seen a few years ago, and with large, international networks being built, we were in danger of IPv4 address space exhaustion.

11. Current Internet Routing Table* * Source: Geoff Houston

12. Historical and Future IPv4 Growth* * Source: Geoff Houston

13. How Does v6 Work? • IPv6 “addresses” this problem (pun intended) by increasing the address space from 32 bits to 128 bits. • So… 2128 = 3.4 x 1038 addresses, right?

14. Well, not Quite, but Close • IPv6 is set up to work with the last 64 bits of the address as the “host” address. • This usually maps to the hardware address, or in the case of Ethernet, the MAC address.

15. v4 vs. v6 32 bits 128 bits IPv4 IPv6

16. Aggregatable Global Unicast Addresses Provider Site Host • Aggregatable Global Unicast addresses are: • Addresses for generic use of IPv6 • Structured as a hierarchy to keep the aggregation • See RFC 3513 • From Cisco 3 45 bits 16 bits 64 bits Global Routing Prefix SLA Interface ID 001

17. Other IPv6 Ranges • Like IPv4, IPv6 has reserved ranges for applications like Multicast, Anycast, and Reserved. • But, there is still plenty of IPv6 space available.

18. IPv6 and Legacy Protocols • The IPv6 standard does not modify any of the payload protocols like TCP or UDP. • IPv6 can also translate or tunnel IPv4 • or vice versa: IPv4 can tunnel IPv6

19. 6to4 and ISATAP Addresses • 6to4 (RFC 3056) – WAN tunneling • ISATAP (Draft) – Campus tunneling /16 /48 /64 Public IPv4 address SLA 2002 Interface ID /48 /64 /23 /32 2001 0410 00 00 5E FE IPv4 Host address Registry 32 bits ISP prefix 32 bits Site prefix

20. So When? • Given all the development in the early to mid-’90s, the “demand” for IPv6 has stalled just a bit. • It is still needed, especially when we start inter-networking devices like mobile phones, autos, PDAs, etc. • The demand is there NOW, and so is the technology.

21. OK, So When? • Despite the demand, we’re not in that much danger of running out of IPv4 addresses. • But, Asian and PacRim networks are having trouble getting space and are leading the edge of IPv6 deployment. • Best estimate is 2020 for current unallocated space, given recent and historical trends (G. Houston) • 2040 when you release the “reserved” spaces. • My opinion: be cautious of these numbers. Demands can change, given new applications and networks.

22. Where? • Most modern operating systems (OSes) have modern, stable IPv6 stacks • Windows 2000, XP • Mac OS X • Solaris 8, 9 • Linux • Open, Free and Net BSDs

23. IPv4/IPv6 Routers • Router vendors now support “dual-stack” routers, which can do IPv4 and IPv6 on the same interface • Cisco • Juniper • Everyone else who doesn’t have it, better do it NOW.

24. Networks • Most commercial ISPs (in the U.S.) do not offer IPv6. • They might offer “tunneled” IPv6. • Most research and some government networks support IPv6 “natively”: • NASA’s NREN Research Network • Not the NASA production Network • Internet2 (Abilene), vBNS+, CANARIE, DANTE (GEANT), APAN?

25. Your Role As a User • Most people are currently running OSes capable of IPv6. • Most routers are IPv6 capable. • But, ISPs and carriers might not be capable. • They need to be pressured into supporting IPv6. • Your role as an end-user is limited.

26. Your Role As a Developer • As a developer, make sure that when writing networked applications, your team plans ahead for IPv6. • Usually, all libraries support IPv6 and IPv4 address methods. • Don’t get caught in a situation like the Y2K problem with IPv6!!! Make sure applications can handle IPv4 and IPv6.

27. Issues • Security • Performance (of stacks and applications) • Adoption • Transparency and migration

28. Thanks. David Hartzell dhartzell@arc.nasa.gov