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Politics: Expansion in an industrializing Age 1877-1900

Politics: Expansion in an industrializing Age 1877-1900. Chapter 20. Social and Economic Upheaval 1877-1884. Four presidents “squeezed” into office Control of the House of Representatives changed five times 7 western states admitted to Union Incredible voter turnout Two major issues

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Politics: Expansion in an industrializing Age 1877-1900

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  1. Politics: Expansion in an industrializing Age 1877-1900 Chapter 20

  2. Social and Economic Upheaval1877-1884 • Four presidents “squeezed” into office • Control of the House of Representatives changed five times • 7 western states admitted to Union • Incredible voter turnout • Two major issues • Economic Reform • Civil Service Reform • Political statement • Prevailing political ideologies • Campaign tactics • Party patronage

  3. Republicans Democrats • “bloody shirt” • Rural and small town NE, PA, and mid-west • Platform • High tariff • Commitment to Union widow’s pensions • No right of government to regulate corporations • Leaders • Rutherford B. Hayes • James Garfield • Chester Arthur • William McKinley • Revival • South, Urban areas, Immigrants • Against tariff • Opposed prohibition • Defended immigrants • Republican programs excessive use of government • Leaders • Grover Cleveland

  4. Hayes White House • Return of Virtue • Not connected with Grant, corruption • Lemonade Lucy • Hayes “Achievements” • End of Reconstruction • Civil Service reform • NY Custom house • Stalwarts • success

  5. Money Issue • 1870s question • How to create money supply without inflation • Only “trustworthy” money silver and gold • Groups • Expansion of supply • Debtors, farmers • Limiting supply • Bankers, creditors, businessmen, politicians • Questions • Should greenbacks be retained, even expanded? • Panic of 1873 • Greenback Party 1877 • Wanted expanded money supply • Benefits for farmers and workers • Health and safety regulations in the workplace • Supported by labor • Return of prosperity = decline of the party • Silver Debate continued • Demonetized in 1873 • Bland-Allison Act 1878 • Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

  6. Election of 1880: James G. Garfield • Republican • Civil service reform • Rival of Roscoe Conkling • Ended spoils system in NY • Martyr for reform movement • Shot in first year of term

  7. Chester Arthur 1881-1885 • Continued civil service reform • 1883 Civil Service Law (Pendleton Act) • Approves development of modern navy • Begins to question tariff • Not re-nominated by Republican party

  8. Election of 1884 • Republican • James Blaine • Gilded Age controversy • Democrat • Grover Cleveland • Fought bosses and spoils system • Illegitimate child • Mugwamps and Tammany Hall • Cleveland Wins!

  9. Cleveland’s Policies • Tariff • Believed in limited government • Wants lower tariff • Government surplus encouraged pork-barrel spending and corruption • Pensions • Vetoed bill for disabled Civil War vets • Business • Interstate Commerce Act 1887 • First attempt to regulate business

  10. Election of 1888 • Cleveland • Benjamin Harrison • Argued lower tariff would hurt business prosperity • Results • Harrison’s big business support too much to overcome • “Take care of the place, we’ll be back”

  11. Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893 • Passed McKinley Protective Tariff 1890 • No foreign competition • Highest rates ever • US Business happy • People were not • Passed pension for Civil War vets in 1890 • Almost bankruptcy treasury • 1st Billion dollar Congress • Sherman Anti-trust • Sherman Silver Purchase Act

  12. Farmer’s Movements • Grange • Farming a bust in mid-west • “patrons of husbandry” • 1.5 Million members • Emotional support, information, biweekly gatherings • Concern • Believed plight was due to freight rates, excessive interest rates, and federal policies • Attacked railroads • Munn v. Illinois 1877 • Wasbash v. Illinois 1886 • Failure • Rails too popular • Cash-only issue • Goal unrealistic • Complaints • Farmers have no control over prices of their crops • Railroads controlled where crop transported

  13. Farmers Movements • Alliance Movement • Began in Texas, 1870s • Poor farmers • Spread throughout South • Initially advocated Co-ops • Exchanges loan $ to farmers and sell their produced • 1890: 3 million members • Became political • Stressed economic reform • Macune’s Ideas • Store non-perishables in government warehouses and low-interest loans

  14. Populist Party • Grew from Alliance movement • Economic upheavals at mercy of eastern banks, manufacturing monopolies, eastern railroad trusts, and depression • Beliefs • National ownership of railroads and telegraphs • System for keeping non-perishable crops • Graduated income tax • Platform Speech • Omaha Speech • Direct popular election • State laws initiated through referendums

  15. Panic of 1893 • Collapse of railroad • over speculation • Government resources drained • Vet’s benefits/pork-barrel spending • Sherman Silver Purchase Act • Panic will last 4 years

  16. Grover Cleveland Again 1893-1897 • Campaign • Reduce tariff • Laissez-faire government • Panic • Worst depression • Money debate again • Cleveland supported gold standard • Repealed Silver purchase act • Downfall • Pullman Strike • Reaction • Pawn of Industrialists • To save gold reserve, went to J.P Morgan • Borrowed $62 million • Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894 • Income tax of 2% • Pollack v. Farmers Loan and Trust

  17. Watershed Election of 1896 • Protests 1884 • Mid-term reelection of Democrats a disaster • Issue: Money • Democratic Split • Silver • William J. Bryan • Populist support • Republicans Triumph • William McKinley • Mark Hanna “king maker” • Front-porch campaign • 1st modern campaign • Mass media blitz

  18. William McKinley 1897-1901 • Consequences of Election • Populist demise • Urban domination of politics • Beginning of modern politics • Tariff • Dingley Tariff 1897 • New all-time high rates • Ok b/c of economic recovery • Gold in Alaska • Currency Act 1900 • Committed US to gold standard • Expansionism • Cuba • Philippines • Death • Murdered at World’s Fair • Severe consequences

  19. Imperialist America • Roots • 1840s Manifest Destiny • 1880s US “Global Destiny” • Europe takes the lead • 1884 dividing of Africa • Asia • Navy • Alfred T. Mahan 1890 • Religion • Spread Christianity • Racist tinge • Supporters of Expansion • 1890’s patriots “jingoism” • Henry Cabot Lodge • Teddy Roosevelt • Skirmishes • US v. Great Britain • Bering Sea • Canada 1898 • Latin America • Chile 1891 • Venezuela 1895 • Pacific Expansion • Samoan Islands 1889 • Hawaii • Sugar plantations control 1887 • Queen Liliuokalani • Annexation “requested” 1893 • Cleveland balks • McKinley annexes 1898

  20. Cuba • Crisis • Rebellion 1895 • Concentration camps • Yellow Journalism • William Randolph-Hearst • Frederic Remington • “You furnish me the pictures, I’ll furnish the war” • Joseph Pulitzer • Resolution? I think not. • Attempt 1897 • De Lome Letter 1898 • USS Maine 1898 • 270 died • War message • Teller Amendment • Spanish-American War • “splendid little war” • Battle: short • Dewey: Philippines • Black soldiers segregated • Fought with distinction • Cuba: Santiago de Cuba • Rough Riders • Deaths • 379 deaths • 5,000 to disease, food poisoning • Armistice July 17 • Results • 20 Million • Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico • Platt Amendment 1901 • Critics • Anti-Imperialists

  21. Philippines • Stepping stones to the Pacific • Guerilla War • Difficult • Long, costly war • Civilians suffered • Expansion and Progression • US expansionism buoyed • Economic modernization of the Philippines

  22. African-Americans After Reconstruction • Return of Democrat Rule • Loss of voting rights • Return of segregation • lynching • No help • Alliance movement • AFL • Supreme Court • Civil Rights Act 1875 nullified • Civil Rights Cases 1883 • Plessey V. Ferguson 1896 • Response • Kansas Exodus • 1879-1880 • 40-60,000 • Benjamin “Pap” Singleton • Booker T. Washington • Blacks must acquire useful skills like farming and carpentry to prove economic value • Don’t join Unions • Racism would fade

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