Anatomy & Physiology

1. Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1

2. A & P • Anatomy - study of structure • Physiology - study of function • Structure is always related to function

3. Levels of Organization • Atom • Chemical • Molecule • Macromolecules • Organelle • Cellular • Tissue • Organ • Organ System • Organism

4. Characteristics of Life = Metabolism • Movement: internal or gross • Responsiveness : rxn to internal or external change • Growth: increase in size w/o change in shape • Reproduction: new organisms or new cells • Respiration: use of O2; removal of CO2 • Digestion:breakdown of food into simpler forms • Absorption:movement of substances through membranes & into fluids • Circulation: movement within body fluids • Assimilation:changing nutrients into chemically different forms • Excretion:removal of metabolic wastes

5. Organism Requirements • Water: required for metabolic rxns, transport of substances, temperature regulation • Food: nutrients needed to supply energy & raw materials for building new living matter • Oxygen: releases energy from nutrients • Heat: byproduct of metabolism; rate of rxns • Pressure: force that facilitates movement of air or fluids (atmospheric & hydrostatic)

6. Homeostasis • condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits • Ex: Temperature 98.6°F • Receptors • Set Point • Effectors • Feedback Loop • Negative • Positive

7. Negative Feedback Loop – change from a set point is detected & the body acts to return to the set point Ex. Temp 98.6°F or 37°C

8. Positive feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction. Ex. oxytocinis secreted in small amounts at the beginning of labor. These small amounts cause more &more oxytocin to be released, causing uterine contractions throughout labor. Only when the baby is expelled does the feedback system shut down.

9. Anatomical Position The subject stands erect facing the observer, with feet flat on the floor, arms at sides & palms turned forward

10. Relative Positions (1)add to your list • Supine = on back • Prone = on belly

11. Relative Positions (2) • Superior– • Toward the head or upper part of a structure • Inferior – • Away from the head or lower part of a structure

12. Relative Positions (3) • Anterior • Nearer to or at the front of the body • Posterior - Nearer to or at the back of the body

13. Relative Positions (4) • Medial • Nearer to the midline • Lateral • Towards the sides /farther from the midline • Intermediate • Between two structures

14. Relative Positions (5) • Proximal • Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, towards the point of origin • Distal • Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, away from the point of origin

15. Relative Positions (6) • Superficial • Toward the surface of the body • Deep • Away from the surface of the body

16. Relative Positions (7)add these • Ipsilateral • On the same side of the body • Contralateral • On the opposite side of the body

17. Human / Cat Clarifications • Anterior = front, Ventral = belly • mean the same in humans but in the cat anterior is forward and ventral faces the ground • Posterior = rear/behind, Dorsal = back • mean the same in humans but in the cat posterior is rear and dorsal faces up • Cranial = toward the head • which is Superior in humans, but superior is dorsal in cats • Caudal = towards the tail • which is Inferior in humans, but inferior is ventral in cats

19. Directional Terms Review

20. Planes/Body Sections (1) • Plane: an imaginary flat surface

21. Planes/Body Sections (2) • Sagittal - Vertical plane dividing the body/organ into left & right halves • Midsagittal – Median/midline, equal sides • Parasagittal - Unequal sides

22. Planes/Body Sections (3) • Transverse - Cross sectional or horizontal plane dividing the body/organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions

23. Planes/Body Sections (4) • Coronal/ Frontal - Divides the body/organ into anterior (front) & posterior (back) portions

24. Planes/Body Sections (5)add this • Oblique - Passes through the body/organ at an angle between transverse & sagittal or frontal planes

26. Body Cavities (1) • Confined spaces containing internal organs • protect, separate & support the organs • 2 Main Cavities • Dorsal & Ventral • Each are divided in to smaller cavities • Viscera = organs within these cavities

27. Body Cavities (2) • Dorsal - back • Cranial - the cranial bones & the brain • Spinal (Vertebral Canal) – located inside the vertebral column & contains the spinal cord

28. Body Cavities (3) • Ventral - front • Thoracic - Superior portion, heart & lungs • Pleural - 2, surround the lungs, fluid filled • Mediastinum - everything except the lungs • Pericardial- covers the heart • Abdominopelvic - Inferior portion • Abdominal - Superior portion • liver, spleen, stomach etc. • Pelvic - Inferior portion • Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, lower intestines etc.

31. Membranes • Serous membranes – thin slippery tissue lining the walls of the ventral cavity double layered • Visceral layer – lines the organs • Parietal layer – outer membrane • Pericardium – serous membrane around the heart • Pleural membrane - surrounds lungs • Peritoneum –lines the abdominopelvic cavity Mesentery – holds visceral organs of abdominopelvic cavity in place

32. Serous Membranes 1-14

33. The efforts of all systems must be coordinated for the animal to survive. Any organism is a coordinated living whole greater than the sum of its parts.

34. Major Body Systems • Integument – body covering • Skeletal – support & movement • Muscular – support & movement • Nervous – integration & coordination • Endocrine – integration & coordination • Digestive– absorption & excretion • Respiratory - absorption & excretion • Circulatory - transport • Lymphatic/Immune – transport & immunity • Urinary - absorption & excretion • Reproductive - reproduction

36. Anatomical Terms

37. Abdominal Cavity • Nine regions • Quadrants