Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9

2. 9-1 Carbon Compounds • An_________ compound contains ________ and_________, often combined with a few other elements such as oxygen and nitrogen. • There are millions of organic compounds- more than _______ percent of all known compounds.

3. Forms of Carbon • __________, ___________ and__________are forms of carbon. • In each form, there is a different _________ of bonded__________ atoms.

4. Diamond • Cutting, grinding, and drilling tools are often coated with diamond because no substance is _____________ than ________. • Diamond is an example of a _______________. • In a network solid, all the atoms are linked by __________ bonds.

5. Graphite • It is extremely_______ and______. • It is a good lubricant for moving______ parts in machinery. • Pencil “_______” is a mixture of graphite and clay. • Carbon atoms are arranged______ spaced layers.

6. Fullerenes • ___________ are large hollow spheres or cages of carbon.

7. Saturated Hydrocarbons • A _________ is an organic compound that contains only the elements________ and_______. • __________is a saturated hydrocarbon. • In a __________hydrocarbon, all the bonds are single bonds. • A saturated hydrocarbon contains the ___________ possible number of hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. • Another name for a hydrocarbon is an_________

8. Saturated Hydrocarbons • Factors that determine the properties of a hydrocarbon are the ______ of carbon atoms and how the atoms are __________. • The carbon atoms can be arranged in a _________ chain, _________chain, or a _______

9. Straight Chains • Look at figure 4 on page 264. • ______ formula shows the type and the number of atoms in a molecule of the compound. • A _______ formula show how those atoms are arranged. • The number of carbon atoms in a straight-chain _________ affects the state of alkane at room temperature.

10. Branched Chains • Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are _________.

11. Rings • The carbon atoms in cyclobutane are linked in a four-carbon ________. • Most ring alkanes, or cyclic hydrocarbons, have rings with ______ or____________. • Look at figure 5 on page 265.

12. 9-1 ContinuedUnsaturated Hydrocarbons • A hydrocarbon that contains one or more_________ or_________ bonds is an__________ hydrocarbon. • There are three types of unsaturated hydrocarbons-_________, ________, and ____________ hydrocarbons • See figure 6 on page 266

13. Alkenes/Alkynes/Aromatic Hydrocarbons • _______ – hydrocarbons that have one or more carbon-carbon________ bond. Example – ethene • _______- straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbons that have one or more__________ bond • __________ Hydrocarbons contain similar _________ structures

14. Fossil Fuels • _______fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of________ or animals. • Three types of fossil fuels are_______, __________, and_________.

15. Coal • ________ is a solid fossil fuel that began to form about 300 million years ago in ancient swamp. • Burning coal produces more_______ than burning other fossil fuel does

16. Natural Gas • The second main fossil fuel formed from the remains of________ organisms. • Used for__________, _______, and to generate some __________.

17. Petroleum • The _______ main fossil fuel, also formed from the remains of marine organisms. • Often known as _____oil, is pumped from deep beneath Earth’s ________. • It must be separated into simpler mixtures, or fractions, such as _______ and heating ______.

18. Combustion of Fossil Fuels • The primary products of the complete combustion of fossil fuels are __________ and ________. • Some _________ oxides and _________dioxide are produced during the combustion of fossil fuels. • C3H8 +5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

19. Incomplete Combustion • In stoves and furnaces, there may not be enough________ available for complete combustion of all the fuel. • A deadly gas, carbon________ is produced. • 2C3H8 +7O26CO + 8H2O

20. Acid Rain • The combustion of fossil fuels causes the _______ of rain to increase. • Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released into the atmosphere also dissolve in water, forming sulfuric acid, _______,and nitric acid, _________ • Acid rain damages _____ structures, ______ and ______.

21. Complete the following questions • Name the three categories of unsaturated hydrocarbons • Name the three main fossil fuels. • What are the two primary products of the complete combustion of fossil fuels? • What are three ways that carbon atoms can be arranged in hydrocarbon molecules?

22. 9-2 Substituted Hydrocarbons • A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an atom or group of atoms is a _____________ hydrocarbon. • The substituted atom or group of atoms is called a__________ group because it determines the ____________ of the compound. • ________, organic______, organic_____, and esters are substituted hydrocarbons.

23. Alcohols • Methanol, ______ is used as a fuel in some motorcycles. • Ethanol, __________, is often mixed with gasoline to help the gasoline burn more completely. • Ethanol and methanol are__________ • The functional group in an alcohol is a hydroxyl group, ________ Drawing:

24. Organic Acids • The functional group in organic acids is a _________group, -_______ • Organic acids tend to have ___________ and___________. Drawing:

25. Organic Bases • _________ are organic bases. • The functional group in an amine is an ______ group -_________ • Aminos are found in _______,______, and__________.

26. Esters • _________ form when organic______ react with ________. • The second product of the reaction is _________. • Easter are used in many processed foods to produce__________ such as strawberry, banana, and grape. Drawing

27. Complete the following Questions • What functional groups are found in alcohols, organic acids, and organic bases? • Which types of compounds can react to produce esters? • What are two properties of organic acids?

28. 9-3 Polymers • A __________ is a large molecule that forms when many smaller molecules are linked together by covalent bonds. • The smaller molecules that join together to form a polymer are __________. • Poly- means “______” • Mono – means “______”

29. Polymers • Polymers can be classified as ________ polymers or __________ polymers. • Many important types of ___________ molecules are natural polymers. • ____________ polymers are developed by chemists in research laboratories and manufactured in factories

30. Synthetic Polymers • ________, _______, and__________ are three examples of compounds that can be___________.

31. Rubber • The supply of ___________rubber is limited. • Chemists produce synthetic rubber using hydrocarbons from__________ • ________will resist wear and be less likely to leak if they are made of synthetic rubber.

32. Nylon • _______fibers are very strong, durable, and shiny. • Nylon is used in ________, __________, _________,_______, and ________.

33. Polyethylene • Plastic milk bottles and plastic wrap are made of ____________. • The number of carbon atoms in a polyethylene chain affects the___________of the polymer. • The more carbon atoms in the chain, the _________ the polymer is.

34. Review Questions • Describe the two ways that polymers can be classified. • Name the three synthetic polymers

35. 9-3 ContinuedNatural Polymers • Four types of polymers produced in plant and animal cells are : • _______________ • _______________ • _______________ • _______________

36. Starches • Typically, a _________ contains hundreds of glucose monomers. • Plants store starches for _______ and to build stems, _________ and roots. • Simple sugars, slightly more complex sugars such as _______, and polymers built from sugar monomers are all classified as ____________.

37. Cellulose • The ______________ cellulose is the main component of cotton and wood. • _____________gives strength to plant stems and tree trunks

38. Nucleic Acids • ______________ are large nitrogen-containing polymers found mainly in the nuclei of cells. • There are two types of nucleic acids, ________ and ________ • The monomers in a nucleic acid are ______________.

39. Protein • A ___________ is a polymer in which at least 100 ______________ monomers are linked through bonds between an amino group and a carboxyl group. • An _____________ is a compound that contains both ___________and_________functional groups in the same molecule. • Proteins make up the fibers of your__________, your hair and ______________, and the hemoglobin in your blood.

40. Review Question • What are four types of polymers that can be found in the cells of organisms. • What two functional groups are found in amino acids?

41. Distinguishing Sugars from Starches Activity • Materials • 1 slice of potato • Ripe apple • Bread • Cornstarch • Table sugar • Iodine solution

42. Observations

43. Analyze and Conclude • How can an iodine solution be used to distinguish a sugar from a starch? • Which of the food samples contain starch? • What other foods would turn dark when tested with iodine solution?