Introduction to Bioengineering: Definition, History, and Future

1. BIO307- Bioengineering principles FALL 2016 Lecture 1 Introduction: What Is BiomedicalEngineering? Lecturer: Jasmin Sutkovic 13.10.2016

2. Content • Definitions of Bioengineering • Short history • Engineering in modern medicine • What is biomedical engineering? • Biomedical engineering in the future

3. What is Bioengineering ? • Bioengineering is the “biological or medical application of engineering principles or engineering equipment – also called biomedical engineering • Relatively new field that solves biological problems that have persisted throughout history. • Recently, the practice of bioengineering has expanded beyond large-scale efforts like prosthetics and hospital equipment to include engineering at the molecular and cellular level – with applications in energy and the environment as well as healthcare.

4. Short history • Just consider and think about the technological development that has shaped your live in the past 20-30 years ? • Now think about your parent, how these technologies made their life better ? Or worse ?

5. Some achievements by now Pregnancy tests from home Vaccines Inexpensive contact lens Artificial hips Ultrasound imaging Pumps for insulin …and so on…

7. Life expectancy increased

9. How this happened ? • People are living longer because they are not dying in situations that were in the past fatal, suck as child birth and bacterial infections. • Bioengineering has contributed to this change by producing methods (diagnostics and drugs) that decreased the death rates in the past 200 years.

10. Cont.. • For example: Car crashes , people get severe injuries and in order to be quickly treated they must be correctly diagnosed. • This is possible due to Ultra sound imaging and quick treatment can be provided… eventually patient survive..

12. Too many names..? • As you read about the subject of biomedical engineering, you will encounter a variety of names that sound similar: bioengineering, biological engineering, biotechnology, biosystems engineering, bioprocess engineering, biomolecular engineering, and biochemical engineering. • Students of biomedical engineering need to approach the terminology with care (and without assuming that the person using the terminology has the same definition that they do!).

13. Cont.. • Some departments are called Department of Biomedical Engineering and others Department of Bioengineering, but in most cases the educational mission and research programs associated with these departments are similar • Read book page 4: Box 1.1 Too many names?

14. What is then Biomedical engineering? • New students to the field of biomedical engineering ask versions of this question: “What is biomedical engineering?” • Often, they ask the question directly but, just as often, they ask it in indirect and interesting ways. Some of the forms of this question that I have heard in the past few years are: • Do biomedical engineers all work in hospitals? • Do you have to have an MD degree to be a biomedical engineer? • How can I learn enough biology to understand biomedical engineering and enough engineering to be a real engineer? • Is biomedical engineering the same as genetic engineering? • How much of biomedical engineering is biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics?

15. Engineering in modern medicine • Life on earth has improved due to the technological changes that started in the 20th century. • TV, computer, mobile phones, airplanes, ATMs..influences our life fully… • These developments may have good but as well very bad effects on our life's… • For example , mobile phones..? How ?

17. Historical Preview… • 1953 – DNA discovered • 1970 – first synthetic gene • 1975 – DNA recombination method • 1977 – first sequencing method • 1982 – first genetic animal • 1990 – THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT • 1995 – PCR invented • 2000 – first HUMAN genome sequenced • 2008 – bacterial genome synthesized • 2014-228000 human genomes sequenced • 2015 – edited human embryos.. • 2016 – gene therapy • 2017- Mechanobiologyplays an increasingly important role in tissue regeneration and design of therapies • 2018??????

18. Engineering connection to biology • Biomedical engineers seek to understand human physiology and to build devices to improve or repair it… • Our working definition of biomedical engineering can start in an obvious place. • According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary: • engineering noun: • a) the application of science and mathematics by which the properties of matter and the sources of energy in nature are made useful to people; • b) the design and manufacture of complex products.

19. The work of engineers is often hidden from view of the general public, occurring in laboratories, office buildings, construction sites, pilot plants, and testing facilities. • This is true for biomedical engineering as well as civil engineering and other engineering disciplines. • Although the work might be hidden, the end result is often visible and important (e.g., the Brooklyn Bridge or the artificial heart; see Figure 1.5).

22. Biomedical engineering can be divided into sub disciplines

23. Biomedical engineering in the future • As we know our life expectancy has increased dramatically during the last 100 years. Much of this progress is because of success in the battle with infectious diseases. • In London, in 1665, 93% of deaths were the result of infectious disease, whereas in the United States, only 4% of deaths were the result of infectious disease in 1997. • Engineers contributed significantly to this effort by developing sanitation methods for cities, large-scale processes for manufacture of vaccines and antibiotics, and delivery methods for drugs.

24. Biomedical engineers have developed a number of life-enhancing and life-saving technologies. These include: • Prosthetics, such as dentures and artificial limb replacements. • Surgical devices and systems, such as robotic and laser surgery. • Systems to monitor vital signs and blood chemistry. • Implanted devices, such as insulin pumps, pacemakers and artificial organs. • Imaging methods, such as ultrasound, X-rays, particle beams and magnetic resonance. • Diagnostics, such as lab-on-a-chip and expert systems. • Therapeutic equipment and devices, such as kidney dialysis and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). • Radiation therapy using particle beams and X-rays. • Physical therapy devices, such as exercise equipment and wearable tech.

25. Future…. • Nano-machines (enzymes as controled robots ) • Efficient fuel cells…alternative energy sourse • Sequencing off everything living on earth… • Technologies based on biosciences • Microbiome enhancement… • Personal drugs…. • .. • Human cloning ????

26. Human cloning • ??????? Maybe the methodology makes this idea possible but what about other concerns ? Problems that may arise with it?

27. Book link: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B1lV-EMiZm99Ynhkc1BIZzF3dWc