Gravitational Insights from Less Than Ten Percent the Speed of Light

1. Gravitational Insights from Less Than Ten Percent the Speed of Light Kandi M. Cockream IWPD Research Center Midwest Relativity Meeting University of Notre Dame October 25, 2008

2. Current Emphasis on Cosmic Scale Collisions

3. Low Impact Collisions May Provide “Overlooked” Information

4. Why Explore Low Impact Collisions? • Minimal uncertainties, assumptions and • variables • Easy to directly observe and analyze • The Challenge: The relativistic effects are very • small

5. Developing a Continuous Model of Motion General Relativity Quantum Theory • Motion at less than 10% the speed of light is still part of the • relativistic spectrum • Observations at the lowest relativistic levels may be helpful • in the unification of GR and QT

6. A “Collision” Between Free Energy and Mass Energy is conserved: Total mass prior to interaction = mass after absorption Momentum is NOT conserved: p of free energy is less than p of object moving with v << c

7. Simple Collision An elastic collision between two objects of the same mass Energy Transfer Resulting in a change of: Mass Energy Momentum Velocity

8. Simple Collision • The Energy Transfer Fully Accounts for the Change In: • Energy • Mass

9. Simple Collision • The Energy Transfer DOES NOT Account for the: • The magnitude of the momentum change for both objects • The anticipated velocity of the objects based upon the • momentum of the transferred energy

10. The Relationship Between Energy and Momentum

11. Energy vs. Momentum • Energy and Momentum are linked by Velocity • But . . . Velocity alone does not fully account for the • relationship • An additional factor, ranging from 1 at c to ½ at v << c • must be incorporated

12. Based on the Momentum of Transferred Energy Anticipated vs. Observed Velocities

13. Scale Metric • This suggest the possibility of a Scaling Effect between the • Anticipated Velocity and the Observed Velocity • The scalar acts between like units (velocity) • The value of this scalar can be quantitatively defined based • upon Relativistic Kinetic Energy

14. Relativistic Kinetic Energy • Relativistic Kinetic Energy is approximated by the • Binomial Expression: • With our standard equation for Kinetic Energy at v << c • outlined in red

15. Relativistic Kinetic Energy Exact Solution • Kinetic Energy can be exactly expressed as: • Select an exact velocity and invariant mass • Relativistic Mass is known from the Lorentz transformation • Energy is exactly known (Relativistic Mass – Invariant Mass) • Therefore, X is exactly known

16. X • X has significance in a number of applications involving • energy, force and momentum • Specifically, the relationship between Apparent Velocity • and Observed Velocity is a function of X:

17. Anticipated vs. Observed Velocity with Scale Metric Correction

18. Scale Metric Correction Small Relativistic Effects Larger Relativistic Effects • Provides an exact relationship between the Observed Velocity • and the Anticipated Velocity across the entire velocity spectrum

19. IWPD Scale Metrics • Three Scale Metrics emerge all of which are functions of X:

20. IWPD Scale Metrics Modeling • Distance Metric: Defines a grid representing the local • observers concept of distance • Distance -Time Metric: Defines a circle that changes • inversely with the Distance Metric • Rate Metric: Defines the rate at which the • Distance -Time Metric changes as measured • by the Distance Metric

21. Two-dimensional space grid IWPD Scale Metrics Modeling • Distance Metric: • Defines a grid representing the local • observers concept of distance • Distance -Time Metric: • Defines a circle that changes inversely • with the Distance Metric • Rate Metric: • Defines the rate at which the • Distance -Time Metric changes as • measured by the Distance Metric The intersect of cosmic scale circles cutting through the 2D space grid The Distance-Time Metric expands as the Distance Metric decreases

22. Singularity? • At the beginning: • All three scale metrics were unified • With time, the metrics diverge as the value of X • decreases • Distance Metric = 1 • Distance-Time Metric/2pi = 1 • Rate Metric = c = 1

23. In IWPD Scale Metrics • Mass decomposes to Free Space via a fundamental quanta • defined by Scale Metrics • In the beginning, there was only mass and no space • At the end, there will be only space and no mass • At 14.2 billion years there is both mass and space in • a universe whose expansion rate is observed to be • accelerating

24. How Does This Relate to Gravity? • As the universe expands, the Scaling Effects resulting from • the diverging values of the Scale Metrics are not exactly the • same everywhere • The is due to a slightly uneven distribution of mass within • the universe • This results in a “warping” of the Distance Metric and the • Distance-Time Metric • A benefit of this approach is that IWPD Gravitation does not • break down at the Planck Scale.