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How to use this program

How to use this program When you have finished reading these instructions, click on the button at the right. This will take you to Exercise 1. Read carefully what is in the large yellow box.

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How to use this program

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  1. How to use this program When you have finished reading these instructions, click on the button at the right. This will take you to Exercise 1. Read carefully what is in the large yellow box. Do the exercise in the blue box at the bottom of the screen. Each exercise has four parts - in each part you have to choose between two answers. At the right of the screen are sixteen buttons showing all the possible combinations of answers. Click on the one you think has the four correct answers. If you have answered all four correctly you will jump to a new screen. Do the same there - read what is in the large yellow box then do the exercise in the blue box. If you did not answer all four correctly, you will jump to another screen. Follow the instructions on it. Start

  2. 1, 2, 3 and 4 Exercise 1 - Verbs There are thousands of words in our language, but they perform only a few tasks. We can break these tasks down into groups. We shall begin by dealing with two groups known as subject and verb. Without a verb and its subject, we cannot make a sentence - and without a sentence we cannot clearly express any thought or ask a question or give a command. First we shall look at the verb. The verb tells us what someone or something does: Michael runs. It jumps. 1, 6, 3 and 4 Runs tells us what someone (Michael) does; and jumps tells us what something (It) does. So runs and jumps are verbs. The verbs runs and jumps tell us about actions of the body - actions we can see with our own eyes. Verbs can also tell us about the mind or emotions - which we cannot observe with our eyes: Julia thinks. The dog fears water. Thinks tells us what someone (Julia) does - even though we do not see her do it. Fears tells us what something (The dog) does - even though we could not see the dog do it. So thinks and fears are also verbs. 1, 2, 7 and 4 1, 6, 7 and 4 1, 2, 3 and 8 1, 6, 3 and 8 1, 2, 7 and 8 1, 6, 7 and 8 5, 2, 3 and 4 5, 6, 3 and 4 5, 2, 7 and 4 Pick out the verbs and click on the correct button to the right. 5, 6, 7 and 4 A. He hates lessons. hates - 1 lessons - 5 B. The man rides a large horse. man - 2 rides - 6 C. Boys love shouting. love - 3 shouting - 7 D. Joan faints regularly. faints - 4 regularly - 8 5, 2, 3 and 8 5, 6, 3 and 8 5, 2, 7 and 8 5, 6, 7 and 8

  3. Sorry, that’s the wrong answer! Click the button below and try again. Back to the Exercise

  4. All correct - well done! 1, 2, 3 and 4 Exercise 2 - Verbs When a verb tells us what someone or something does it is concerned with what is going on now, at the present time. It is therefore said to be in the Present Tense. But a verb can also tell us what someone or something did or will do: Michael ran. Michael will run. It jumped. It will jump. When a verb tells us what someone or something did it is said to be in the Past Tense. When it tells us what someone or something will do it is said to be in the Future Tense. Note that a verb may be a group of words - two, three or even four words. It is not always just one word. 1, 5, 3 and 4 1, 2, 8 and 4 1, 5, 8 and 4 1, 2, 3 and 7 1, 5, 3 and 7 1, 2, 8 and 7 1, 5, 8 and 7 6, 2, 3 and 4 6, 5, 3 and 4 6, 2, 8 and 4 Pick out the verbs and click on the correct button to the right. 6, 5, 8 and 4 A. I shall swim every evening. swim - 1 shall swim - 6 B. The teacher arrived late. arrived - 2 teacher - 5 C. Our team will win. will win - 3 win - 8 D. They climbed very high. climbed - 4 climbed very - 7 6, 2, 3 and 7 6, 5, 3 and 7 6, 2, 8 and 7 6, 5, 8 and 7

  5. All correct - well done! 1, 2, 3 and 4 Exercise 3 - Verbs So far we have learned that the task of the verb is to tell us what someone or something does, did or will do. Now compare the following: Peter pushes. Peter is pushed. In the first example the verb tells us what someone (Peter) does. In the second, however, the situation is reversed. Here Peter is the receiver of the action, and the verb is telling us what is done to someone or something. The verb can also tell us what was done to someone or something (Past Tense) and what will be done to someone or something (Future Tense): Peter was pushed. Peter will be pushed. We can now state the task of the verb in full: A verb is a word (or group of words) telling us what someone or something does, did, or will do; or what is, was, or will be done to someone or something. Note that the action of a verb may be continuous: Pushes - is pushing: is pushed - is being pushed: etc. There are variations to all the three main tenses - Present, Past and Future. 1, 8, 3 and 4 1, 2, 5 and 4 1, 8, 5 and 4 1, 2, 3 and 6 1, 8, 3 and 6 1, 2, 5 and 6 1, 8, 5 and 6 7, 2, 3 and 4 7, 8, 3 and 4 7, 2, 5 and 4 Pick out the verbs and click on the correct button to the right. 7, 8, 5 and 4 A. I am seated. am seated - 1 am - 7 B. The cows were being fed. were being fed - 2 were fed - 8 C. The pigs were feeding noisily. were - 3 were feeding - 5 D. Our friends will be coming. will be coming - 4 will be - 6 7, 2, 3 and 6 7, 8, 3 and 6 7, 2, 5 and 6 7, 8, 5 and 6

  6. All correct - well done! 1, 2, 5 and 6 Exercise 4 - Verbs When a verb contains two or more words, other words which are not verbs can come in between them. You must be careful not to confuse these wother words with the verb itself. He was quietly walking home. Although the word ‘quietly’ comes between the two parts of the verb, it is not itself a verb. It does not tell us what someone or something did (or was doing). You cannot ‘quietly’ a person or a thing. Note that words can often be rearranged to clear up the confusion: He was walking home quietly. When we ask a question the verb is always split if it contains two or more words: Shall we go? (We shall go.) When were you asked? (You were asked when.) Observe that the word not does not belong to the verb: They will not be coming. They cannot do it. 1, 4, 5 and 6 1, 2, 7 and 6 1, 4, 7 and 6 1, 2, 5 and 8 1, 4, 5 and 8 1, 2, 7 and 8 1, 4, 7 and 8 3, 2, 5 and 6 3, 4, 5 and 6 Pick out the verbs and click on the correct button to the right. 3, 2, 7 and 6 A. How shall we know? shall we know - 1 shall know - 3 B. Girls will seldom arrive on time. will seldom arrive - 2 will arrive - 4 C. They were rather rudely interrupted. were rather rudely interrupted - 5 were interrupted - 7 D. Mary was not greatly interested. was interested - 6 was not interested - 8 3, 4, 7 and 6 3, 2, 5 and 8 3, 4, 5 and 8 3, 2, 7 and 8 3, 4, 7 and 8

  7. All correct - well done! 1, 2, 3 and 4 Exercise 5 - Subjects In our first lesson we said that the two essential parts of a sentence are the verb and its subject. To find the subject of a verb we must ask the questions 'Who?' or 'What?' in front of the verb. The young girl was sleeping. First, find the verb -'was sleeping'. Now ask 'Who?' or 'What?' in front of it. 'Who was sleeping?' - The young girl. This is the subject of the verb. The injured bird was taken indoors. The verb is 'was taken'. 'Who was taken?' - No one was taken. 'What was taken?' - The injured bird. Subject. Note that, although we ask the questions in front of the verb, the subject itself does not necessarily come in front of the verb: Into the water plunged the grey seal. (What plunged?) It was the grey seal that plunged - not the water. 1, 7, 3 and 4 1, 2, 6 and 4 1, 7, 6 and 4 1, 2, 3 and 5 1, 7, 3 and 5 1, 2, 6 and 5 1, 7, 6 and 5 8, 2, 3 and 4 8, 7, 3 and 4 8, 2, 6 and 4 Pick out the subjects and click on the correct button to the right. 8, 7, 6 and 4 A. Up in the sky floated the red balloon. (1 the sky) (8 the red balloon) B. That chair will collapse. (2 That chair) (7 collapse) C. It will be changed by my father. (3 my father) (6 It) D. 'Piffle!' retorted the chief. (4 'Piffle!') (5 the chief) 8, 2, 3 and 5 8, 7, 3 and 5 8, 2, 6 and 5 8, 7, 6 and 5

  8. All correct - well done! 1, 2, 5 and 6 Exercise 6 - Finite Verbs 1, 3, 5 and 6 language - like most mechanisms in a space craft - are refinements. They have their jobs to do, but they are not absolutely essential to set things going in the first place. Note that, when a sentence is in question form, the subject always comes after the verb, or after part of the verb: Is he here? (He is here) Are you dreaming? (You are dreaming) Where shall we sit? (We shall sit where) A verb that takes a subject is called a finite verb - that is to say a 'finished' or 'complete' verb. Remembering that we cannot make up a sentence without a verb and its subject, we are now in a position to define a sentence: A sentence is a group of words containing a finite verb. It is important to remember this definition. Without a finite verb no group of words, however long or impressive, can make up a sentence - just as no space craft can be accurately called a space craft unless it has a rocket motor to drive it. Most words in a 1, 2, 8 and 6 1, 3, 8 and 6 1, 2, 5 and 7 1, 3, 5 and 7 1, 2, 8 and 7 1, 3, 8 and 7 4, 2, 5 and 6 4, 3, 5 and 6 Pick out the subjects and click on the correct button to the right. 4, 2, 8 and 6 A. Can Honour's voice provoke the silent dust? the silent dust - 1 Honour's voice - 4 B. Times out of number he has been told. he - 2 number - 3 C. Down the road came she. she - 5 road - 8 D. A bag of apples was lying on the floor. A bag of apples - 6 apples - 7 4, 3, 8 and 6 4, 2, 5 and 7 4, 3, 5 and 7 4, 2, 8 and 7 4, 3, 8 and 7

  9. All correct - well done! 1, 2, 4 and 3 Exercise 7 - Phrases 1, 6, 4 and 3 ‘A sentence is a group of words containing a finite verb.' What, then, do we call a group of words that does not contain a finite verb? Unless it is merely nonsense we call it a phrase. In the haze of a summer's evening, towards the end of a long, gentle and gracious day by the shore of the sea. Despite its length, this group of words does not contain a verb and subject. Therefore it is a phrase. Sitting by the stream To take things easy These two groups of words both contain verbs, but they have no subjects. When we ask 'Who?' or 'What?' in front of them we get no answer - nor would ‘he sitting' or 'they to take' make real sense. Thus both these groups of words are also phrases. Verbs which cannot take subjects are called non-finite - that is to say 'unfinished' or 'incomplete'. Note that, when a sentence is in the form of a command, the object 'You' is usually left out. But it is 'understood' to be there: Come here! ((You) come here!) Sentence So sentences can be very short - sometimes they contain only two words - while phrases can be quite long. Length is no guide. You must look for the verb and subject. 1, 2, 8 and 3 1, 6, 8 and 3 1, 2, 4 and 7 1, 6, 4 and 7 1, 2, 8 and 7 1, 6, 8 and 7 5, 2, 4 and 3 5, 6, 4 and 3 Decide whether these are sentences or phrases and click on the correct button to the right. 5, 2, 8 and 3 5, 6, 8 and 3 A. We sleep. (1 Phrase) (5 Sentence) B. Stop! (2 Phrase) (6 Sentence) C. Over the hills and far away. (4 Sentence) (8 Phrase) D. Two shillings to pay for a seat! (3 Phrase) (7 Sentence) 5, 2, 4 and 7 5, 6, 4 and 7 5, 2, 8 and 7 5, 6, 8 and 7

  10. All correct - well done! 1, 2, 4 and 3 Exercise 8 - Voice 1, 5, 4 and 3 Compare the following sentences carefully: My father drives the car. The car is driven by my father. Both these sentences say the same thing and yet there is a subtle difference between them. In the first sentence, the subject 'My father' is the doer of the action. In the second sentence, the subject ‘the car' is the receiver of the action. This brings us to what we call the voice of the verb. When the subject of a verb is the doer of the action the verb is said to be in the Active Voice. When the subject of a verb is the receiver of the action the verb is said to be in the Passive Voice. Here are two more very simple examples: Jean helps - Jean, the subject, is doing the helping. Active Voice verb Jean is helped - Jean, the subject, is being helped. Pa.ssive Voice verb 1, 2, 7 and 3 1, 5, 7 and 3 1, 2, 4 and 8 1, 5, 4 and 8 1, 2, 7 and 8 1, 5, 7 and 8 6, 2, 4 and 3 6, 5, 4 and 3 Decide whether the verbs are active or passive and click on the correct button to the right. 6, 2, 7 and 3 6, 5, 7 and 3 A. I saw him. They watched me. Active - 1 Passive - 6 B. He was seen by me. I was watched by them. Active - 2 Passive - 5 C. They were chased. The player was rested. Active - 4 Passive - 7 D. The player was resting. They were chasing. Passive - 3 Active - 8 6, 2, 4 and 8 6, 5, 4 and 8 6, 2, 7 and 8 6, 5, 7 and 8

  11. All correct - well done! 1, 2, 4 and 3 Exercise 9 - Objects 1, 8, 4 and 3 When someone or something receives the action of an Active Voice verb then that someone or something is said to be the object of that verb. We find the object (if any) by asking the questions 'Whom?' or 'What?' after the verb. I followed the ginger cat. First find the verb -'followed'. Now ask 'Whom?' or 'What?' after it. 'Followed whom?'- no answer. 'Followed what?'-the ginger cat. This is the object of the verb 'followed'. Although we ask the questions after the verb, the object (if any) does not necessarily come after the verb: Several people I asked. (Asked whom?) NB 1 A Passive Voice verb can never take an object because, as we have seen, the subject is already the receiver of the action. NB 2 Verbs immediately followed by such words as 'in', 'at', 'on', 'over', 'near', 'by', 'with', 'from', etc, hardly ever take objects. NB 3 Verbs that take objects are called transitive. Verbs that do not take objects are called intransltive. 1, 2, 6 and 3 1, 8, 6 and 3 1, 2, 4 and 5 1, 8, 4 and 5 1, 2, 6 and 5 1, 8, 6 and 5 7, 2, 4 and 3 7, 8, 4 and 3 Pick out the objects (if any) and click on the correct button to the right. 7, 2, 6 and 3 7, 8, 6 and 3 A. Chocolate cake we just adore! No object - 1 chocolate cake - 7 B. The guide stopped by the lake. lake - 2 No object - 8 C. 'John!' my father shouted. 'John!' - 4 No object - 6 D. I will help you now. you now - 3 you - 5 7, 2, 4 and 5 7, 8, 4 and 5 7, 2, 6 and 5 7, 8, 6 and 5

  12. All correct - well done! 1, 2, 6 and 5 Exercise 10 - Appositional Phrases 1, 4, 6 and 5 Sometimes a subject or object is re-expressed by a phrase which follows it. This is called an appositional phrase - thatis, a phrase which is 'positioned next to' some other word or words. Examine the following: Susan, my youngest sister, is six today. Who is six today? - Susan ) Who is six today? - my youngest sister )Both subjects My youngest sister is a phrase in apposition to the subject 'Susan'. Similarly, a phrase may be in apposition to an object: I helped Susan, my youngest sister. Note that the appositional phrase is always marked off between commas, unless it comes at the end of a sentence when, of course, the second comma is replaced by a full-stop. 1, 2, 8 and 5 1, 4, 8 and 5 1, 2, 6 and 7 1, 4, 6 and 7 1, 2, 8 and 7 1, 4, 8 and 7 3, 2, 6 and 5 Decide whether the appositional phrases in the following sentences are re-expressing subjects or objects. Click on the correct button. 3, 4, 6 and 5 A. Joseph Conrad, the novelist, was a sailor for much of his life. Subject - 1 Object - 3 B. I have visited Paris, the French capital. Subject - 2 Object - 4 C. John, my next-door neighbour, lent me his very ancient, nearly collapsing bicycle. Subject - 6 Object - 8 D. Aloysius, the hero of the tale, then defeats the enemy army single-handed. Subject - 5 Object - 7 3, 2, 8 and 5 3, 4, 8 and 5 3, 2, 6 and 7 3, 4, 6 and 7 3, 2, 8 and 7 3, 4, 8 and 7

  13. All correct - well done! 1, 2, 4 and 3 Exercise 11 - Appositional Phrases 1, 7, 4 and 3 The appositional phrase brings us to our first practical step in composition. Before we take this step, however, we must learn to think about degrees of importance. Whenever we speak or write, some of the things we say are more important or interesting (to ourselves, anyway) than other things we say. One of the main arts of speech or composition is to give the right amount of emphasis to these things according to their importance. Look at the following: Mr. Robson is our mathematics teacher. Mr. Decimal was married today. Which of these two sentences is more important? Clearly the second one is more important. The first sentence merely gives someone or something a label, as it were, so that the listener or reader shall know who is being discussed. 1, 2, 5 and 3 1, 7, 5 and 3 1, 2, 4 and 6 1, 7, 4 and 6 1, 2, 5 and 6 1, 7, 5 and 6 Select the more important or interesting sentence and click on the correct button. 8, 2, 4 and 3 8, 7, 4 and 3 A. The chameleon is a species of lizard. - 1 The chameleon can change its colour at will. - 8 B. Claude Monet was a founder of the Impressionist movement in art. - 2 Claude Monet was a Frenchman. - 7 C. Sir Isaac Newton was a scientist. - 4 Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation. - 5 D. Pompeii was an ancient Italian town. - 3 Pompeii was destroyed by a volcanic eruption in A.D. 79. - 6 8, 2, 5 and 3 8, 7, 5 and 3 8, 2, 4 and 6 8, 7, 4 and 6 8, 2, 5 and 6 8, 7, 5 and 6

  14. All correct - well done! 1, 2, 6 and 5 Exercise 12 - Blending Sentences 1, 3, 6 and 5 Often in essays we wish to give some additional information about someone or something. This, as we have seen, can be done by means of the appositional phrase. We shall now see how two sentences can be blended into one by using this kind of phrase. Let us return to Mr. Decimal: Mr Decimal is our mathematics master. Mr. Decimal was married today. Leave the more important sentence untouched. Reduce the less important sentence to a phrase by removing its verb and subject. Now insert the phrase into the remaining sentence, placing it after the person or thing that it is re-expressing. Mark it off with commas: Mr. Decimal, our mathematics master, was married today. Observe that we have now only one finite verb - 'was married'. So we have now blended two sentences into one, instead of having two separate, unlinked statements. Such blending, or linking, is essential to good essay writing, but we must always decide what is more important and what is less important when we do this blending or linking. 1, 2, 7 and 5 1, 3, 7 and 5 1, 2, 6 and 8 1, 3, 6 and 8 1, 2, 7 and 8 1, 3, 7 and 8 4, 2, 6 and 5 4, 3, 6 and 5 Select the phrase you would use in apposition if you were blending the following pairs of sentences and click on the correct button. 4, 2, 7 and 5 A. Peter is (my cousin - 1). Peter is (the best athlete in the school - 4). B. My dog is (an Irish wolfhound - 2). My dog was (the champion at last year's show - 3). C. Our village is (a remote one - 6). Our village is (a famous beauty spot - 7). D. Mr. Perkins is (a seven-foot giant - 5). Mr Perkins is (our landlord - 8). 4, 3, 7 and 5 4, 2, 6 and 8 4, 3, 6 and 8 4, 2, 7 and 8 4, 3, 7 and 8

  15. All correct - well done! 1, 3, 2 and 4 Exercise 13 - Blending Sentences 1, 7, 2 and 4 Two appositional phrases can be linked together with ‘and’ : Mr. Robson is our mathematics teacher. He is also our rugby coach. He was married today. Preserve the most important or interesting sentence. Remove the verbs and subjects of the other two sentences, thereby turning them into phrases. Link them with' and'. Insert them into the remaining sentence. Mark them off between commas. Substitute 'Mr. Decimal' for 'He': Mr. Robson, our mathematics teacher and (also our) rugby coach, was married today. Note that we have now blended three sentences into one. The words' also our' have been bracketed because they are no longer necessary and may be left out. 1, 3, 6 and 4 1, 7, 6 and 4 1, 3, 2 and 8 1, 7, 2 and 8 1, 3, 6 and 8 1, 7, 6 and 8 From each of these groups of sentences, select the one you would keep as being the most important. Click on the correct button. 5, 3, 2 and 4 5, 7, 2 and 4 A. Bicycles are driven by means of pedals. They are fairly cheap. They are a useful means of transport. First - 1 Third - 5 B. Mr Jenkins is our postman. He is also an ex-miner. He broke our gate last week. Third - 3 Second - 7 C. Man is a two-legged creature. He is master of this planet. He stands upright. First - 2 Second - 6 D. Telephones enable us to communicate over long distances. Some of them use landlines. Some of them are wireless. Second - 4 First - 8 5, 3, 6 and 4 5, 7, 6 and 4 5, 3, 2 and 8 5, 7, 2 and 8 5, 3, 6 and 8 5, 7, 6 and 8

  16. All correct - well done! 1, 3, 2 and 4 Exercise 14 - Blending Sentences 1, 8, 2 and 4 Before changing a sentence into an appositional phrase, we sometimes have to re-express a word or words. Examine the following: John sprints well. He won the race. If we try to turn the first sentence into an appositional phrase by removing its verb and subject, we are left with the word 'well', which is not another way of saying 'John'. (You could not say 'Well won the race'.) So we must re-express. What do we call a person who sprints ? - A sprinter. And what do we call a person who sprints well? - Obviously a fast sprinter, or a good sprinter. Now we are able to blend the two sentences into one sentence by using an appositional phrase: John, a fast sprinter, won the race. 1, 3, 5 and 4 1, 8, 5 and 4 1, 3, 2 and 7 1, 8, 2 and 7 1, 3, 5 and 7 1, 8, 5 and 7 6, 3, 2 and 4 Re-express the following and click on the correct button. 6, 8, 2 and 4 A. A person who plays the violin well is (a well violinist - 1 a good violinist - 6). B. A person who likes to climb mountains is (a keen mountaineer - 3 a mountainous liker - 8). C. A person who comes to clean and sweep every day is (a daily cleaner - 2 a clean sweep - 5). D. A person who jumps high is (a high jumper - 4 a tall jumper - 7). 6, 3, 5 and 4 6, 8, 5 and 4 6, 3, 2 and 7 6, 8, 2 and 7 6, 3, 5 and 7 6, 8, 5 and 7

  17. All correct - well done! 1, 3, 2 and 4 Exercise 15 - Nouns When the task of a word is to tell us the name of a person, place or thing, we call it a noun. We find nouns by asking ‘Who?', 'Whom?', or 'What?' in relation to some other word: Eve Smith was visiting her friend near Dunster when she heard the cry of a curlew. Who was visiting? - Eve Smith - Name of a person Visiting whom? -friend - ”” " Near what? - Dunster - ” " place Heard what? - cry - " " thing Of what? -curlew - ”” " Since nouns answer the questions 'Who?', 'Whom?' and ‘What?', they will very often be subjects or objects of verbs, as you can see above. 'Eve Smith' is subject to the verb' was visiting'; 'friend' is object to the verb 'was visiting'; 'cry' is object to the verb' heard', etc. Normally a noun contains only one word. However, when it tells us the name or title of a particular person or thing, then it may contain several words, eg Eve Smith, The Rock of Gibraltar, The Duke of Alba, etc. 1, 5, 2 and 4 1, 3, 8 and 4 1, 5, 8 and 4 1, 3, 2 and 6 1, 5, 2 and 6 1, 3, 8 and 6 1, 5, 8 and 6 7, 3, 2 and 4 Pick out the nouns and click on the correct button. 7, 5, 2 and 4 A. The boy had big ideas. boy - 1 boy, ideas - 7 B. The villagers lived in a constant state of fear owing to tigers villagers, tigers - 3 villagers, state, fear, tigers - 5 c. Sir Walter Scott, the novelist, wrote 'The Fair Maid of Perth'. Sir Walter Scott, novelist, 'The Fair Maid of Perth' - 2 Scott, novelist, Maid, Perth - 8 D. Tokyo is a large city. Tokyo - 4 Tokyo, city - 6 7, 3, 8 and 4 7, 5, 8 and 4 7, 3, 2 and 6 7, 5, 2 and 6 7, 3, 8 and 6 7, 5, 8 and 6

  18. All correct - well done! 1, 5, 2 and 6 Exercise 16 - Pronouns 1, 7, 2 and 6 When we are speaking or writing, we should take care to avoid using nouns unnecessarily; otherwise we shall have a great deal of repetition and this can be tedious: John and Martha hurried home. The caretaker had told John and Martha that, if John and Martha arrived back early, John and Martha would receive a pleasant surprise. After the first mention of 'John and Martha', substitute 'they', 'them', etc. John and Martha hurried home. The caretaker had told them that, if they arrived back early, they would receive a pleasant surprise. In the above passage the words ‘they' and' them' stand in place of the nouns 'John' and 'Martha'. That is their task. When the task of words is to stand in place of nouns, we call them pronouns. 1, 5, 4 and 6 1, 7, 4 and 6 1, 5, 2 and 8 1, 7, 2 and 8 1, 5, 4 and 8 1, 7, 4 and 8 3, 5, 2 and 6 3, 7, 2 and 6 Select suitable pronouns to replace the italicised nouns and click on the correct button. 3, 5, 4 and 6 A. Mary is here. she - 1 it - 3 B. The dog bit Henry. he, it - 5 it, him - 7 C. Henry bit the dog. he, it- 2 him, it - 4 D. Edna and Eleanor Purdew saw Edna and Eleanor Purdew in the mirror. they, themselves - 6 they, them - 8 3, 7, 4 and 6 3, 5, 2 and 8 3, 7, 2 and 8 3, 5, 4 and 8 3, 7, 4 and 8

  19. All correct - well done! 1, 3, 2 and 4 Exercise 17 - Pronouns 1, 6, 2 and 4 Pronouns are sometimes difficult to recognize because the nouns they stand for are often unstated: Many were left. (Many could stand for ‘men’, ‘girls’, ‘apples’, etc.) Each was examined. (Each could stand for 'boy', 'bank-note', etc.) This was examined. (This could stand for 'a banknote', 'an apple', etc, but not for a person.) Mine is sold. (Mine could stand for ‘bicycle’, 'book', etc.) Who goes there? (We do not know for what person Who stands, until an answer is made.) You said so. (Presumably the person speaking knows who You is, even if we do not. It could stand for any person, from a king or president to a dustman.) 1, 3, 7 and 4 1, 6, 7 and 4 1, 3, 2 and 5 1, 6, 2 and 5 1, 3, 7 and 5 1, 6, 7 and 5 8, 3, 2 and 4 8, 6, 2 and 4 Decide how many pronouns there areand click on the correct button. 8, 3, 7 and 4 A. What did you say to them? three - 1 two - 8 B. This was discussed by each of us while we were talking among ourselves. five - 3 four - 6 C. I have borrowed yours as you yourself are not using it. five - 2 three - 7 D. Which is the key you want? one - 4 two - 5 8, 6, 7 and 4 8, 3, 2 and 5 8, 6, 2 and 5 8, 3, 7 and 5 8, 6, 7 and 5

  20. All correct - well done! 1, 5, 2 and 6 Exercise 18 - Adjectives 1, 8, 2 and 6 For the time being we shall leave the pronoun and turn to a word whose task is to qualify or limit a noun or pronoun: the adjective. When we qualify or limit something we narrow down that something. Suppose you are at a library and are trying to find a book. You have borrowed the book before but you have forgotten the title and author. The librarian asks you to describe it. ‘A thin book.’ (There are 5,000 thin books.) ‘A thin red book.’ (There are 500 thin red books.) ‘A thin, red tattered book.’ (The librarian produces 10 such books. ) ‘That book.’ By the aid of four words qualifying or limiting the noun 'book' you have found the item you want from among thousands. These words - 'thin', 'red', 'tattered', 'that' - are adjectives. Note that, although the first three adjectives also describe the noun' book', the word' that' does not describe. It is pointing something out. It is not sufficient to say that an adjective describes. It qualifies or limits. 1, 5, 3 and 6 1, 8, 3 and 6 1, 5, 2 and 7 1, 8, 2 and 7 1, 5, 3 and 7 1, 8, 3 and 7 4, 5, 2 and 6 Pick out the adjectivesand click on the correct button. 4, 8, 2 and 6 A. This boy has a black eye and a swollen lip. This, black, swollen - 1 black, swollen - 4 B. It was a cold, wet day. cold, wet day - 5 cold, wet - 8 C. I have seen those ugly little dogs before. ugly little - 2 those ugly little - 3 D. The sweet young child screamed furiously. sweet - 6 sweet young - 7 4, 5, 3 and 6 4, 8, 3 and 6 4, 5, 2 and 7 4, 8, 2 and 7 4, 5, 3 and 7 4, 8, 3 and 7

  21. All correct - well done! 1, 3, 4 and 2 Exercise 19 - Adjectives 1, 7, 4 and 2 Adjectives are usually found by asking the questions 'What kind of?' 'Which?' 'How many?' 'How much?' Apple tree (What kind of tree?) This house (Which house?) Five spanners (How many spanners?) Some sugar (How much sugar?) Some adjectives, instead of answering questions, ask them: What car is that? Which street do you mean? Adjectives do not always come before the words they qualify; sometimes they follow the verb - usually the verb 'to be': The boy is stupid. (What kind of boy? - A stupid boy) He is stupid. (What kind of he? - A stupid he) The second of the above examples shows the usual way in which an adjective qualifies a pronoun. Note that the words 'a' and 'an' (usual1y called the 'indefinite articles') and 'the' (usually called the 'definite article') are really adjectives. 1, 3, 8 and 2 1, 7, 8 and 2 1, 3, 4 and 6 1, 7, 4 and 6 1, 3, 8 and 6 1, 7, 8 and 6 5, 3, 4 and 2 5, 7, 4 and 2 Pick out the adjectivesand click on the correct button. 5, 3, 8 and 2 A. My young sister was lucky. My, young - 1 My, young, lucky - 5 B. We ordered fourteen new cricket balls. fourteen, new, cricket - 3 new, cricket - 7 C. That wooden bridge is unsafe. That, wooden - 4 That, wooden, unsafe - 8 D. Which cake did your mother choose? your - 2 Which, your -6 5, 7, 8 and 2 5, 3, 4 and 6 5, 7, 4 and 6 5, 3, 8 and 6 5, 7, 8 and 6

  22. All correct - well done! 1, 3, 4 and 2 Exercise 20 - Nouns and Adjectives 1, 8, 4 and 2 Sometimes confusion arises between adjectives and nouns: I love to study grammar. I have a grammar book. In the first of the above sentences we have no trouble in realizing that' grammar' is a noun, since it is the name of something. In the second example the problem is not quite so simple. Here the word' grammar' is still the name of something, but its real task in the sentence is to qualify the noun 'book' -to distinguish it from other kinds of book. What kind of book? - A grammar book. Therefore, in the second of the above examples, the word 'grammar' is an adjective - not a noun. The fact that we may use the word' grammar' more often as a noun than as an adjective does not matter. It is its task in its sentence that is the deciding factor. NB Nouns showing possession do the work of adjectives but are still treated as nouns, eg Jill's pen. 1, 3, 7 and 2 1, 8, 7 and 2 1, 3, 4 and 5 1, 8, 4 and 5 1, 3, 7 and 5 1, 8, 7 and 5 6, 3, 4 and 2 6, 8, 4 and 2 Decide if the italicised words are adjectives or nouns and click on the correct button. 6, 3, 7 and 2 6, 8, 7 and 2 A. The pirates sailed on the Spanish main. noun - 1 adjective -6 B. The main attraction was a jazz quartet. noun - 3 adjective - 8 C. The horse race was cancelled. adjective - 4 noun - 7 D. The cart horse was ill. noun - 2 adjective - 5 6, 3, 4 and 5 6, 8, 4 and 5 6, 3, 7 and 5 6, 8, 7 and 5

  23. All correct - well done! 1, 3, 4 and 2 Exercise 21 - Summary 1, 5, 4 and 2 Let us briefly consider what we have learned so far: 1. A verb expresses action, doing or being. 2. A verb has three main tenses: present, past, future. 3. A finite verb is a verb that takes a subject ('Who?' or 'What?' in front of the verb). 4. Without a finite verb there can be no subject and no sentence; only a phrase (Exercises 6 and 7). 5. When the subject is the doer of the action the verb is in the Active Voice. 6. When the subject is the receiver of the action the verb is in the Passive Voice. 7. Active Voice verbs can (and sometimes do) take objects. ('Whom?' or 'What?' after the verb.) 8. Verbs taking objects are called Transitive verbs. 9. Passive Voice verbs cannot take objects because the subject is already receiving the action (Exercise 9). 10. A noun is the name of a person, place or thing. 11. A pronoun is a word which stands in place of a noun. 12. An adjective limits or qualifies a noun or pronoun. 1, 3, 6 and 2 1, 5, 6 and 2 1, 3, 4 and 8 1, 5, 4 and 8 1, 3, 6 and 8 1, 5, 6 and 8 7, 3, 4 and 2 7, 5, 4 and 2 Answer the following and click on the correct button. 7, 3, 6 and 2 A. A non-finite verb (cannot - 1 can - 7) take a subject. B. The Voices of the verb are: Subject and Object - 3 Active and Passive - 5 C. A sentence (always contains - 4 does not always contain - 6) an Object. D. A verb that takes an object is called: Active - 2 Transitive - 8 7, 5, 6 and 2 7, 3, 4 and 8 7, 5, 4 and 8 7, 3, 6 and 8 7, 5, 6 and 8

  24. All correct - well done! 1, 5, 6 and 2 Exercise 22 - Prepositions 1, 7, 6 and 2 If you were to approach a friend who lived on the coast and say to him, 'Your house is near the sea', he would probably nod his head absent-mindedly in agreement. If, however, you said to him, 'Your house is in the sea', he would doubtless become highly excited and rush home at great speed. By changing the word 'near' to the word 'in' we have changed the relationship between 'house' and 'sea' in a very important manner. Such words as these, which show the relationship between one thing and another, are called prepositions. 'Preposition' simply means 'positioned in front of' or 'placed before'. Prepositions are so called because they are always placed before nouns or pronouns. They are said to 'govern' the nouns or pronouns that follow them: Your house is in the sea. ('in' - preposition, governing the noun 'sea') Here is a short list of common prepositions, followed by nouns or pronouns for example purposes: of the ship, to the corner, for the milkman, with my uncle, from him, by the sports field, over the wall. 1, 5, 8 and 2 1, 7, 8 and 2 1, 5, 6 and 4 1, 7, 6 and 4 1, 5, 8 and 4 1, 7, 8 and 4 3, 5, 6 and 2 Pick out the prepositions and click on the correct button. 3, 7, 6 and 2 A. A bag of wool was lying on the table. on - 1 of, on - 3 B. A knock at the door caused him to leap from his chair. at, to, from - 5 at, from - 7 C. Into the darkness came a stream of light. into, of - 6 of - 8 D. They jumped through the hedge and won through. through, through - 2 through - 4 3, 5, 8 and 2 3, 7, 8 and 2 3, 5, 6 and 4 3, 7, 6 and 4 3, 5, 8 and 4 3, 7, 8 and 4

  25. All correct - well done! 1, 3, 4 and 2 Exercise 23 - Adjective Phrase 1, 6, 4 and 2 Sometimes a phrase can do the work of an adjective. When it does so, we call it an adjective phrase: A courageous man. (What kind of man?) Adjective A man of courage. (What kind of man?) Adjective phrase It is important to note that, in the second example above, neither the word ‘of’ nor the word 'courage' is an adjective. 'Of' is a preposition, and' courage' is the noun it governs. So we may see that an adjective phrase is not a phrase made up of adjectives, but a phrase doing the work of an adjective. Note that the adjective phrase above comes directly after the noun it qualifies. This is usual. However, you may find it useful to think of it as coming before the noun when you are looking for an adjective phrase -just as though it were an adjective. (What kind of man? - An of-courage man.) Often an adjective phrase can be re-expressed in one word as an adjective: An occasionfor festivity - A festive occasion. 1, 3, 5 and 2 1, 6, 5 and 2 1, 3, 4 and 7 1, 6, 4 and 7 1, 3, 5 and 7 1, 6, 5 and 7 8, 3, 4 and 2 Pick out the adjective phrases and click on the correct button. 8, 6, 4 and 2 A. The girl from next door brought me a box of chocolates. (1 of chocolates) (8 from next door, of chocolates) B. The man in that car has a face like a poodle. (3 in that car) (6 in that car, like a poodle) C. He worked hard by the light of an old lamp. (4 by the light, of an old lamp) (5 of an old lamp) D. A refreshing swim in the sea is better than ten boxes of pills. (2 in the sea, of pills) (7 refreshing swim, ten boxes) 8, 3, 5 and 2 8, 6, 5 and 2 8, 3, 4 and 7 8, 6, 4 and 7 8, 3, 5 and 7 8, 6, 5 and 7

  26. All correct - well done! 1, 5, 6 and 2 Exercise 24 - Subjects and Objects Let us take a look at the sentence in the light of what we have learned so far: The man with the bow tie kicked the stable door. The verb is 'kicked'. The subject ('Who or what kicked?') is 'The man with the bow tie'. The object ('Kicked whom or what?') is 'the stable door'. Expressed in one word, the subject is 'man'. Expressed in one word, the object is 'door'. The subject word of a sentence and the object word (if any) of a sentence will always be nouns or pronouns. The remainder (if any) of the subject or object will always be adjectives or adjective phrases limiting or qualifying the subject words or object words. Subject Limitation Verb Object Word Limitation Word of Subject of Object Word Word man the, with kicked door the, the bow tie stable 1, 8, 6 and 2 1, 5, 7 and 2 1, 8, 7 and 2 1, 5, 6 and 3 1, 8, 6 and 3 1, 5, 7 and 3 1, 8, 7 and 3 4, 5, 6 and 2 4, 8, 6 and 2 Answer the following and click on the correct button. A. The Limitation of a Subject or Object is made up of (adjectives/adjective phrases - 1 nouns/pronouns - 4). B. The Subject Word or Object Word will always be a (noun or pronoun - 5 noun - 8). C. Subject and Object Words (always - 6 do not always - 7) have adjectives or adjective phrases to limit or qualify them. D. Sentences (do not always - 2 always - 3) contain Objects. 4, 5, 7 and 2 4, 8, 7 and 2 4, 5, 6 and 3 4, 8, 6 and 3 4, 5, 7 and 3 4, 8, 7 and 3

  27. All correct - well done! 1, 4, 2 and 3 Exercise 25 - Sentence Structure 1, 8, 2 and 3 Observe how the following sentences are broken down: He can run. Any intelligent man can run a shop. Any man of intelligence can run that shop on the corner. Subject Limitation Object Limitation Word of Subject Word Verb Word of Object Word He can run man any, intelligent can run shop a man any, of intelligence can run shop that, on the corner 1, 4, 6 and 3 1, 8, 6 and 3 1, 4, 2 and 7 1, 8, 2 and 7 1, 4, 6 and 7 1, 8, 6 and 7 Answer the questions on the following sentences: One of the boys will bring the picnic basket. Follow that car! This little mongrel has found an old bone. A large bag of sweets may be lost. Will she help us? Click on the correct button. 5, 4, 2 and 3 5, 8, 2 and 3 5, 4, 6 and 3 5, 8, 6 and 3 A. The Subject Words are: boys: (You): mongrel: sweets: she 1 One: (You): mongrel: bag: she 5 B. The Limitations of of the boys: -: this, little: a large, of sweets: - 4 Subject are: one of the: -: this, little: a large bag of: - 8 C. The Object Words are: basket: car: bone: -: us 2 picnic: car: bone: bag: she 6 D. The Limitations of Object are: the, picnic: that: an, old: -: - 3 the, basket: that: an, old: large: help 7 5, 4, 2 and 7 5, 8, 2 and 7 5, 5, 6 and 7 5, 8, 6 and 7

  28. All correct - well done! 1, 4, 2 and 3 Exercise 26 - Participles 1, 7, 2 and 3 The wheel is breaking. The wheel is broken. In each of the above sentences the full verb is made up of two words: 'is breaking' in the first; 'is broken' in the second. The words' breaking' and' broken' - although verbs -are therefore not complete verbs. (You cannot sensibly say, 'The wheel breaking' or 'The wheel broken'.) They are both non-finite verbs (see Exercise 7). However, they are not just non-finite verbs. Each word also does the work of an adjective since each qualifies a noun: What kind of wheel? -A breaking wheel. What kind of wheel ? -A broken wheel. Such words as these - non-finite verbs doing the work of adjectives - are sometimes called verbal adjectives, but they are better known as participles. 1, 4, 5 and 3 1, 7, 5 and 3 1, 4, 2 and 8 1, 7, 2 and 8 1, 4, 5 and 8 1, 7, 5 and 8 6, 4, 2 and 3 Pick out the participles and click on the correct button. 6, 7, 2 and 3 A. They started off again, although they were exhausted. started, exhausted - 1 exhausted - 6 B. We shall be walking to the town of Woking. walking - 4 Woking - 7 c. The potatoes are boiling and the beans are burnt. boiling - 2 boiling, burnt - 5 D. John helped Peggy, and Montmorency was assisted by Jean. helped, assisted - 3 assisted -8 6, 4, 5 and 3 6, 7, 5 and 3 6, 4, 2 and 8 6, 7, 2 and 8 6, 4, 5 and 8 6, 7, 5 and 8

  29. All correct - well done! 1, 4, 2 and 3 Exercise 27 - Participles 1, 6, 2 and 3 The participle often appears separately from the finite verb of a sentence, and works purely as an adjective: Smiling, the girl walked away. (What kind of girl?-A smiling girl) I watched the men working. (What kind of men?-Working men) Terrified, the rabbit ran for shelter. (What kind of rabbit?-A terrified rabbit) They brought him home exhausted. (What kind of him?-An exhausted him) In the above sentences, 'smiling' and ‘working' tell us of actions still going on at the time. These are Present (or Continuous) Participles. 'Terrified' and 'exhausted' tell us of actions that are finished and done with (ie 'Terrified' really means 'having been terrified'). These are Past (or Perfect) Participles. Participles may also be in the Future Tense, as you can see from the table below: Active Passive Present: calling being called Perfect: having called (having been) called Future: about to call about to be called 1, 4, 8 and 3 1, 6, 8 and 3 1, 4, 2 and 5 1, 6, 2 and 5 1, 4, 8 and 5 1, 6, 8 and 5 7, 4, 2 and 3 7, 6, 2 and 3 Pick out the participles and click on the correct button. 7, 4, 8 and 3 A. Excited, he ran to the chatting group. Excited, chatting - 1 Excited - 7 B. Excitedly he ran to the chatting group. Chatting - 4 Excitedly, chatting - 6 C. Henry, about to be birched by the headmaster, lined his trousers with paper. birched -2 about to be birched - 8 D. We saw him being chased. being chased - 3 chased - 5 7, 6, 8 and 3 7, 4, 2 and 5 7, 6, 2 and 5 7, 4, 8 and 5 7, 6, 8 and 5

  30. All correct - well done! 1, 6, 2 and 5 Exercise 28 - Participial Phrases Sometimes a phrase is introduced by a participle. Such a phrase does the work of an adjective phrase (Exercise 23) and qualifies the noun or pronoun nearest to it: Humming quietly to himself, the boy closed the door. The boy, humming quietly to himself, closed the door. What kind of boy? -A humming-quietly-to-himself boy. N.B. 1 A participial phrase is usually marked off from the rest of the sentence with a comma or commas. N.B.2 The participial phrase is almost the only kind of adjective phrase not to be introduced by a preposition. N.B.3 When we analyse sentences the participial phrase is treated exactly as though it were an adjective phrase and, like the normal adjective phrase, it will go in Limitation of Subject or Limitation of Object columns : Subject Limitation Verb Object Limitation Word of S. W. Word of O. W. boy the, closed door the humming quietly to himself 1, 8, 2 and 5 1, 6, 4 and 5 1, 8, 4 and 5 1, 6, 2 and 7 1, 8, 2 and 7 1, 6, 4 and 7 1, 8, 4 and 7 3, 6, 2 and 5 Pick out the participial phrases and click on the correct button. 3, 8, 2 and 5 A. Delighted with her present, my mother kissed me. Delighted with her present - 1 Delighted - 3 B. I like my bread buttered on both sides. buttered on both sides - 6 buttered on - 8 C. John, being grumpy as usual, kept quiet. being grumpy as usual - 2 being grumpy - 4 D. Crouching quietly, he watched the men. Crouching - 5 Crouching quietly - 7 3, 6, 4 and 5 3, 8, 4 and 5 3, 6, 2 and 7 3, 8, 2 and 7 3, 6, 4 and 7 3, 8, 4 and 7

  31. All correct - well done! 1, 4, 2 and 3 Exercise 29 - Participial Phrases 1, 5, 2 and 3 When writing a story or essay one should strive after compactness of expression. This can often be achieved by turning sentences into participial phrases, particularly when two events are related in time. He closed the door. Then he took off his coat. Preserve the sentence expressing the later event. Remove the verb and subject of the other sentence, since we are going to turn it into a phrase: He closed the door. Now substitute a suitable participle from the verb 'to close': Having closed the door Join the participial phrase to the preserved sentence: Having closed the door. he took off his coat. NB 1 The word 'then' is now unnecessary. Such omissions often occur when blending sentences together. NB 2 If the two events happened at the same time, use the Present Participle. If one event was completed before the other began, use the Past (or Perfect) Participle. 1, 4, 7 and 3 1, 5, 7 and 3 1, 4, 2 and 6 1, 5, 2 and 6 1, 4, 7 and 6 1, 5, 7 and 6 8, 4, 2 and 3 8, 5, 2 and 3 Answer the following and click on the correct button. 8, 4, 7 and 3 A. When writing a story or essay one should strive after: compactness of expression - 1 participial phrases - 8 B. One can employ the participial phrase: only when one event succeeds another - 4 for simultaneous events and for events which succeed one another - 5 C. The participle (is not - 2 is - 7) formed from the removed verb. D. Other words are (never - 3 sometimes - 6) removed. 8, 5, 7 and 3 8, 4, 2 and 6 8, 5, 2 and 6 8, 4, 7 and 6 8, 5, 7 and 6

  32. All correct - well done! Go to Exercise 30 Practice Exercise 5 Blend the following pairs of sentences by using the participial phrase: 1. She smiled quietly. At the same time she replied. 2. He drew a gun. He fired at the same time. 3. First he took his gun from the drawer. Then he began to clean it. 4. The cat screeched loudly. At the same time it fled. 5. He answered the question. Then he sat down again. 6. We finished the job. Then we joined the others. 7. The driver braked furiously. At the same time he swung his wheel hard over to the right. 8. They knocked on the door. Then they waited patiently.

  33. All correct - well done! 1, 6, 2 and 5 Exercise 30 - Participial Phrases 1, 7, 2 and 5 The participial phrase can also be used to express a causal relationship: He felt tired. Therefore he went to bed. Preserve the more significant sentence (remember that this will usually contain an action rather than a thought or feeling). Turn to the other sentence (which gives cause or reason for the action in the significant sentence) and remove its verb and subject: Therefore he went to bed. (Significant-preserve) He felt tired. Substitute a suitable participle from the verb 'to feel'. (Present Participle in this case, since the feeling of tiredness still continued in bed presumably.) Link the phrase to the preserved sentence: Feeling tired, he went to bed. 1, 6, 3 and 5 1, 7, 3 and 5 1, 6, 2 and 8 1, 7, 2 and 8 1, 6, 3 and 8 1, 7, 3 and 8 4, 6, 2 and 5 Answer the following and click on the correct button. 4, 7, 2 and 5 A. When blending sentences by means of a participial phrase we preserve the (less - 1 more - 4) significant sentence. B. When a sentence is 'significant' it is more likely to express: a thought or feeling - 6 an action - 7 C. When we have blended two sentences by means of the participial phrase, we are left with (two - 2 one - 3) finite verb(s) D. Participial phrases can express a relationship of: Time and Cause or Reason - 5 Cause or Reason only - 8 4, 6, 3 and 5 4, 7, 3 and 5 4, 6, 2 and 8 4, 7, 2 and 8 4, 6, 3 and 8 4, 7, 3 and 8

  34. All correct - well done! 1, 4, 3 and 2 Exercise 31 - Participial Phrases The participial phrase may also qualify an object, or a noun or pronoun governed by a preposition: We saw a man. He was carrying a ladder. By blending: We saw a man carrying a ladder. Here the participial phrase qualifies the noun' man', which is object to the verb ‘saw’ (Exercise 9). We spoke to a man. He was carrying a ladder. By blending: We spoke to a man carrying a ladder. Here the participial phrase qualifies the noun' man', which is governed by the preposition 'to' (Exercise 22). 1, 8, 3 and 2 1, 4, 7 and 2 1, 8, 7 and 2 1, 4, 3 and 6 1, 8, 3 and 6 1, 4, 7 and 6 1, 8, 7 and 6 5, 4, 3 and 2 5, 8, 3 and 2 Consider this sentence, answer the following and click on the correct button: Having done their work, the children watched their father playing cricket and chatted to the man keeping the score. 5, 4, 7 and 2 5, 8, 7 and 2 A. In the above there are (1 four) (5 three) participial phrases. B. The first qualifies (4 a subject) (8 an object). C. The second qualifies (3 a subject) (7 an object). D. The third qualifies (2 an object) (6 a noun governed by a preposition). 5, 4, 3 and 6 5, 8, 3 and 6 5, 4, 7 and 6 5, 8, 7 and 6

  35. All correct - well done! 1, 4, 3 and 2 Exercise 32 - Participial Phrases 1, 7, 3 and 2 Two participial phrases may be linked together with ‘and’ if - and only if - they both qualify the same noun or pronoun. The method is basically the same as before, the significant sentence being preserved: He picked up a walking-stick. Then he called his dog. Then he went out. Since the first two events were complete before the last one occurred we use the perfect participle: Having picked up a walking-stick and called his dog, he went out. Note that the word 'having' is omitted before 'called' in order to avoid clumsy repetition. We have now turned three sentences into one, both participial phrases qualifying the pronoun 'he'. The above example shows time relationship, but the same method could have been used to show cause or reason. 1, 4, 8 and 2 1, 7, 8 and 2 1, 4, 3 and 5 1, 7, 3 and 5 1, 4, 8 and 5 1, 7, 8 and 5 6, 4, 3 and 2 Consider this sentence, answer the following and click on the correct button: Feeling bored and lonely, Jane went along to watch the cows being brought in and milked. 6, 7, 3 and 2 6, 4, 8 and 2 A. In the above there are (three - 1 four - 6) participial phrases. B. The first two express a (time - 4 causal - 7) relationship. C. 'Being brought in' qualifies (a subject - 3 an object - 8). D. There is a word omitted before 'milked' in order to avoid clumsiness. This word is (being - 2 having - 5). 6, 7, 8 and 2 6, 4, 3 and 5 6, 7, 3 and 5 6, 4, 8 and 5 6, 7, 8 and 5

  36. All correct - well done! 1, 4, 3 and 2 Exercise 33 - Blending Sentences 1, 6, 3 and 2 We are now going to blend sentences by using a mixture of participial AND appositional phrases. To refer back to appositional phrases, look at Exercises 10, 11 and 12. Examine the following: John had his breakfast. Then he went for a run. John is my eldest brother. Look for the significant sentence that is to be preserved, remembering that it is likely to contain an action. There are two sentences expressing action: John had his breakfast. Then he went for a run. As there is a time relation between them, we can probably employ a participial phrase, preserving the sentence expressing the later event, as usual: Having had his breakfast, John went for a run. Since the third sentence clearly re-expresses 'John’ we can turn it into an appositional phrase: Having had his breakfast, John, my eldest brother, went for a run. We have now blended three sentences into one. 1, 4, 5 and 2 1, 6, 5 and 2 1, 4, 3 and 8 1, 6, 3 and 8 1, 4, 5 and 8 1, 6, 5 and 8 7, 4, 3 and 2 Answer the following and click on the correct button: 7, 6, 3 and 2 A. An appositional phrase (re-expresses - 1 describes - 7) a noun or pronoun. B. One (cannot - 4 can - 6) link two appositional phrases together with 'and'. C. A participial phrase is (introduced by a participle - 3 made up of participles - 5). D. In the blended sentence in bold in the yellow box there is/are (two - 2 one - 8) subject(s). 7, 4, 5 and 2 7, 6, 5 and 2 7, 4, 3 and 8 7, 6, 3 and 8 7, 4, 5 and 8 7, 6, 5 and 8

  37. All correct - well done! Go to Exercise 34 Practice Exercise 9 Blend the following groups of sentences by using both the appositional phrase and participial phrase : 1. Anne looked across the stream. She saw Miss Brown. Miss Brown was her games mistress. 2. John espied the man. The man was hiding in a wood. John is my next-door neighbour. 3. Lefty was an old-timer from Kansas. Lefty reached a town. The town was called Upper Creek. 4. Both friends were good walkers. Therefore they hoped to reach Finger Point by noon. Finger Point was a small peninsula up north.

  38. All correct - well done! 1, 6, 5 and 2 Exercise 34 - Infinitives 1, 8, 5 and 2 There are two kinds of non-finite verb (i.e. verb not taking a subject). One is the participle, which we have just been studying. The other is the infinitive. The infinitive is the root from which all verbs are formed: to run, to jump, to see, to be helped, to have thought, etc. Now examine the table to the right. We have already dealt with the Active and Passive Voice of the verb in Exercise 8. Active Passive Present: to call to be called Perfect: to have called to have been called Future: to be about to call to be about to be called It will be noticed that all infinitives start with 'to'; but do not forget that 'to' can also be a preposition introducing an ordinary phrase: a walk to the park (Adjective phrase qualifying 'walk') an attempt to park the car (Present infinitive, Active) 1, 6, 7 and 2 1, 8, 7 and 2 1, 6, 5 and 4 1, 8, 5 and 4 1, 6, 7 and 4 1, 8, 7 and 4 3, 6, 5 and 2 Pick out the infinitives and click on the correct button: 3, 8, 5 and 2 A. I love to study English None - 1 to study - 3 B. They ought to have come to help us long ago. to have, to help - 6 to have come, to help - 8 C. We are hoping to be taken to London to see a pantomime. to be taken, to see - 5 to be taken, to London, to see - 7 D. A call to arms warned them to arm themselves. to arms, to arm- 2 to arm - 4 3, 6, 7 and 2 3, 8, 7 and 2 3, 6, 5 and 4 3, 8, 5 and 4 3, 6, 7 and 4 3, 8, 7 and 4

  39. All correct - well done! 1, 4, 3 and 2 Exercise 35 - Adverbs 1, 5, 3 and 2 Now we come to a word whose task is to modify the verb and certain other words. This is called an adverb. It is important to understand the meaning of the word 'modify' (not to be confused with 'qualify' which means to 'narrow down' – Exercise 18). When we modify something, we alter that something. Take a sentence: 'The car moves.' Try to draw a picture in your mind of a vehicle with its wheels turning, presumably forward. By adding various adverbs we can alter - that is, modify - thepicture in our mind: The car moves fast. (The car is speeding.) The car moves slowly. (The car is now crawling.) The car moves backwards. (The car is now reversing.) The car does not move. (The car is now stationary.) Note that, when a verb contains more than one word, the adverb sometimes splits it in two: The car was slowly skidding. (Verb - 'was skidding') 1, 4, 6 and 2 1, 5, 6 and 2 1, 4, 3 and 7 1, 5, 3 and 7 1, 4, 6 and 7 1, 5, 6 and 7 8, 4, 3 and 2 8, 5, 3 and 2 8, 4, 6 and 2 Count the adverbs in each sentence and click on the correct button: 8, 5, 6 and 2 A. The man jumped sideways. (1 one) (8 none) B. We trotted easily; they ran hard. (4 one) (5 two) C. They always help; you will never bother. (3 one) (6 two) D. The panther crept smoothly, silently and gracefully. (2 one) (7 three) 8, 4, 3 and 7 8, 5, 3 and 7 8, 4, 6 and 7 8, 5, 6 and 7

  40. All correct - well done! 1, 6, 5 and 2 Exercise 36 - Adverbs 1, 7, 5 and 2 There are six kinds of adverbs that modify the verb. Three of them can be found by asking questions after the verb: The man walks (How?) clumsily - Manner The man walks (When?) today - Time The man walks (Where?) there - Place Note that, although we ask the question after the verb, the adverb itself does not necessarily come after the verb: He is coming now (Coming when?) He is now coming (Coming when?) Now he is coming (Coming when?) Adverbs and adjectives sometimes have the same form. Take care not to confuse them: That is a fast plane (What kind of plane?) Adjective That plane travels fast (Travels how?) Adverb of Manner 1, 6, 8 and 2 1, 7, 8 and 2 1, 6, 5 and 3 1, 7, 5 and 3 1, 6, 8 and 3 1, 7, 8 and 3 4, 6, 5 and 2 Look at the adverbs and decide their kinds. Click on the correct button: 4, 7, 5 and 2 A. If we walk steadily we shall soon get there. Manner, Place - 1 Manner, Time, Place - 4 B. Go home immediately! Time - 6 Place, Time - 7 C. Down she fell, screaming loudly. Place, Place, Manner - 5 Place, Manner - 8 D. He turned right and stopped at the right house. Place, Place - 2 Place - 3 4, 6, 8 and 2 4, 7, 8 and 2 4, 6, 5 and 3 4, 7, 5 and 3 4, 6, 8 and 3 4, 7, 8 and 3

  41. All correct - well done! 2, 1, 3 and 4 Exercise 37 - Adverbs Here are the three remaining kinds of adverb that modify the verb. They cannot be found by asking questions after the verb: {certainly } {Asserting that The man {positively } walks. {something does - Affirmation {assuredly } {happen The man does not walk. - Negation How } {These ask When } {questions, Why } does the man walk? {not answer - Interrogation Where } {them Now we have six kinds of adverb modifying the verb: Manner, Time, Place, Affirmation, Negation, Interrogation. Verbs and adverbs of Negation are sometimes joined together, or even shortened: cannot (can not); won't (will not); hadn't (had not) ; etc. 2, 5, 3 and 4 2, 1, 7 and 4 2, 5, 7 and 4 2, 1, 3 and 8 2, 5, 3 and 8 2, 1, 7 and 8 2, 5, 7 and 8 6, 1, 3 and 4 6, 5, 3 and 4 Decide which kinds of adverb are being used and click on the correct button: 6, 1, 7 and 4 A. Why will she not do her work properly? (2 Interrogation, Negation, Manner) (6 Interrogation, Manner) B. The package will definitely be arriving today, but we will not be allowed to open it immediately. (1 Manner, Time, Negation, Manner) (5 Affirmation, Time, Negation, Time) C. There they go again, boasting stupidly! (3 Time, Manner) (7 Place, Time, Manner) D. How did you manage? I can't do it. (4 Manner) (8 Interrogation, Negation) 6, 5, 7 and 4 6, 1, 3 and 8 6, 5, 3 and 8 6, 1, 7 and 8 6, 5, 7 and 8

  42. All correct - well done! 2, 1, 3 and 4 Exercise 38 - Adverbs One kind of adverb remains: the adverb of Degree or Extent. Unlike the adverbs we have been studying it does not modify the verb. It modifies adjectives (Exercise 18), prepositions (Exercise 22) or other adverbs. It always comes before the word it modifies, and we find it by asking the question 'To what extent?' A very strong stick. (To what extent strong?) ('very’adverb modifying adjective 'strong') Almost on the edge. (To what extent on the edge?) ('almost', adverb modifying preposition' on') He walks fairly quickly. (To what extent quickly?) ('fairly', adverb modifying adverb 'quickly') Note that in the last of the above examples the adverb 'fairly' does not modify the verb. 'He' does not walk 'fairly' - 'he' walks 'quickly'. 2, 6, 3 and 4 2, 1, 8 and 4 2, 6, 8 and 4 2, 1, 3 and 7 2, 6, 3 and 7 2, 1, 8 and 7 2, 6, 8 and 7 5, 1, 3 and 4 5, 6, 3 and 4 Decide how many adverbs of Degree or Extent and click on the correct button: 6, 1, 8 and 4 5, 6, 8 and 4 A. It was much too wonderful to be true. two - 2 one - 5 B. They went calmly right into the thick of it. one - 1 two - 6 C. The girls were very well pleased with their work. one - 3 two - 8 D. She writes exceptionally fast, but almost illegibly. two - 4 four - 7 5, 1, 3 and 7 5, 6, 3 and 7 5, 1, 8 and 7 5, 6, 8 and 7

  43. All correct - well done! 2, 1, 3 and 4 Exercise 39 - Adverbs 2, 7, 3 and 4 So we have seven kinds of adverb in all: Manner, Time, Place, Affirmation, Negation, Interrogation and Degree or Extent. Here is a useful sequence for finding them all: 1. Find any verbs and ask 'How?' 'When?' 'Where?' after them. (Also remember Affirmation, Interrogation and Negation, which cannot be found by asking questions.) 2. Find any adjectives and ask 'To what extent?' before them. 3. Find any prepositions and do the same. 4. Look at the adverbs you have already found and ask 'To what extent?' before them, too. NB Obviously adverbs of degree or extent modifying other adverbs must be dealt with last, since one must first be sure that all other adverbs have been picked out. 2, 1, 5 and 4 2, 7, 5 and 4 2, 1, 3 and 6 2, 7, 3 and 6 2, 1, 5 and 6 Answer the questions on the following passage and click on the correct button: Then I watched the riders descend the slope. Most of them came slowly and carefully, guiding their very tired horses skilfully; but a few trotted down far too fast and three of them definitely landed right in the ditch. 2, 7, 5 and 6 8, 1, 3 and 4 8, 7, 3 and 4 A. The adverbs of Manner are: slowly, carefully, down, definitely - 2 slowly, carefillly, skilfully, fast - 8 B. The adverbs of Place are: down, far, right- 1 down - 7 C. The adverbs of Degree or Extent are: very, too - 3 very, far, too, right - 5 D. Apart from the kinds in A, B and C, there is/are (two - 4 one - 6) other adverb(s) in the above passage. 8, 1, 5 and 4 8, 7, 5 and 4 8, 1, 3 and 6 8, 7, 3 and 6 8, 1, 5 and 6 8, 7, 5 and 6

  44. All correct - well done! 2, 1, 5 and 6 Exercise 40 - The Adverb Phrase 2, 3, 5 and 6 Now we come to the adverb phrase. An adverb phrase is a phrase doing the work of an adverb. It does not necessarily contain any adverbs. It modifies the verb only and can be found by a method similar to that for finding adverbs. As with the adjective phrase, it is introduced by a preposition: He walks (How?) in a slovenly way. Manner He walks (When?) at lunch time. Time He walks (Where?) to the shops. Place He has to walk (Why?) because of the strike. Reason He was scared (By what?) by the noise. Instrument He was scared (By whom?) by his friend. Agent NB 1 In the above, 'in', 'at', 'to', 'by' are prepositions: 'because of' is a preposition phrase. NB 2 Sometimes the introducing preposition is understood; eg Each day (on each day). NB 3 Two adverbs coming together do not make an adverb phrase: eg very fast ('fast', adverb of Manner; 'very', adverb of Extent). 2, 1, 7 and 6 2, 3, 7 and 6 2, 1, 5 and 8 2, 3, 5 and 8 2, 1, 7 and 8 2, 3, 7 and 8 4, 1, 5 and 6 4, 3, 5 and 6 Decide what kind of adverb phrases are being used and click on the correct button: 4, 1, 7 and 6 A. He is helped by his father every evening. (Agent - 2 Agent, Time - 4) B. The girl was taken to school by taxi. (Place, Instrument - 1 Place, Manner - 3) C. Owing to the traffic jam, the cars crawled at a snail's pace along the high street. (Reason, Manner, Place - 5 Instrument, Time, Place - 7) D. They were breathing rather heavily. ( None - 6 Manner - 8) 4, 3, 7 and 6 4, 1, 5 and 8 4, 3, 5 and 8 4, 1, 7 and 8 4, 3, 7 and 8

  45. All correct - well done! 2, 1, 3 and 4 Exercise 41 - The Adverb Phrase 2, 8, 3 and 4 Compare the following: He had to run (Why?) owing to the time. He ran daily (Why?) to keep fit. Although both the adverb phrases above are found by asking 'Why?’ after the verb, there is a distinction between them. 'Owing to the time' simply provides a reason, but the phrase 'to keep fit’ expresses more than reason - it expresses a planned intention or purpose: He ran daily to keep fit - Adverb Phrase of Purpose Note that the word 'to' in this instance is not a preposition - it is part of the infinitive 'to keep' (Exercise 7). This is the one exception to the rule. For this reason the adverb phrase of Purpose is sometimes referred to as the Infinitive Phrase of Purpose. 2, 1, 6 and 4 2, 8, 6 and 4 2, 1, 3 and 5 2, 8, 3 and 5 2, 1, 6 and 5 2, 8, 6 and 5 7, 1, 3 and 4 7, 8, 3 and 4 Identify the adverb phrases in italics and click on the correct button: 7, 1, 7 and 4 A. They came all this way to the fair. (2 Purpose) (7 Place) B. They came all this way to see the fair. (1 Purpose) (8 Place) C. We are staying indoors because of the weather. (3 Purpose) (6 Reason) D. We are staying indoors to finish our homework (4 Reason) ( 5 Purpose) 7, 8, 6 and 4 7, 1, 3 and 5 7, 8, 3 and 5 7, 1, 6 and 5 7, 8, 6 and 5

  46. All correct - well done! 2, 1, 5 and 6 Exercise 42 - The Adverb Phrase of Purpose 2, 4, 5 and 6 The adverb phrase of Purpose, always introduced by an infinitive, is a useful means of blending sentences when some kind of intention is involved. Examine the following: He worked hard. He wanted to win the prize. The first sentence expresses an action. The second sentence expresses the purpose of that action. Leave the action sentence intact. Remove the subject and finite verb orthe other sentence, but preserve the infinitive and remainder. Jain the phrase to the sentence: He worked hard to win the prize. As with other phrases, these infinitive phrases of Purpose can be linked together with 'and' : e.g. He worked hard to get top marks and (to) win the prize. NB Not all infinitive phrases are adverb phrases of Purpose. They can also be Adjective or Noun Phrases: I want (What?) to win a prize. Noun phrase The way to win a prize (What kind of way?). Adjective phrase 2, 1, 8 and 6 2, 4, 8 and 6 2, 1, 5 and 7 2, 4, 5 and 7 2, 1, 8 and 7 2, 4, 8 and 7 3, 1, 5 and 6 Identify the phrase in italics and click on the correct button: 3, 4, 5 and 6 A. The time to take a holiday is now. adjective phrase - 2 adverb phrase of Purpose - 3 B. I am saving up to take a holiday. noun phrase - 1 adverb phrase of Purpose - 4 C. I wish to take a holiday. noun phrase - 5 adverb phrase of Purpose - 8 D. I have come to see your brother. adverb phrase of Purpose - 6 adjective phrase - 7 3, 1, 8 and 6 3, 4, 8 and 6 3, 1, 5 and 7 3, 4, 5 and 7 3, 1, 8 and 7 3, 4, 8 and 7

  47. All correct - well done! 2, 1, 4 and 3 Exercise 43 - Sentences 2, 5, 4 and 3 Employing the methods we have practised so far, we shall now blend four sentences into one: 1. John had his tea. 2. He then went to a concert. 3. He wanted to hear his favourite symphony. 4. He is a keen music lover. Look for significant (ie 'action') sentences. Both (1) and (2) express action but, whereas (1) tells us of an ordinary everyday event, (2) tells about a rather particular event. Therefore we shall preserve (2) intact as a sentence and turn the others into phrases by removing their finite verbs and subjects. There is a time relationship between (1) and (2) - so turn (1) into a participial phrase. There is an infinitive in (3) and it expresses purpose - so turn it into an adverb phrase of Purpose. (4) re-expresses 'John' - so turn it into an appositional phrase. Arrange them suitably: Having had his tea, John, a keen music lover, went to a concert to hear his favourite symphony. 2, 1, 8 and 3 2, 5, 8 and 3 2, 1, 4 and 7 2, 4, 4 and 7 2, 1, 8 and 7 2, 5, 8 and 7 6, 1, 4 and 3 6, 5, 4 and 3 Based on the completed sentence above, click on the correct button: 6, 1, 8 and 3 A. 'Having had' is a (perfect - 2 present - 6) participle. B. The finite verb is: went - 1 went to hear - 5 C. The subject word/words is/are: John - 4 John, lover - 8 D. The sentence contains (two - 3 one - 7) non-finite verb(s). 6, 5, 8 and 3 6, 1, 4 and 7 6, 5, 4 and 7 6, 1, 8 and 7 6, 5, 8 and 7

  48. All correct - well done! 2, 1, 4 and 3 Exercise 44 - Extensions of the Verb 2, 6, 4 and 3 When breaking the sentence down into divisions we group adverbs and adverb phrases modifying the verb under the heading ‘Extension of the Verb'. Examine the following: In the morning we will take you quickly to the old farm. He galloped hard to avoid capture. Subject Verb Object Extension of Verb We will take you quickly, to the old farm, in the morning He galloped hard, to avoid capture 2, 1, 7 and 3 2, 6, 7 and 3 2, 1, 4 and 8 2, 6, 4 and 8 2, 1, 7 and 8 2, 6, 7 and 8 5, 1, 4 and 3 Decide what the ‘Extension to the Verb’ in each of the following is and click on the correct button: 5, 6, 4 and 3 5, 1, 7 and 3 A. In future we are not going to be bullied by you. In future, not, by you - 2 In future - 5 B. I should really like that book of yours. really - 1 really, of yours -6 C. The man with the top hat closed the gates with a flourish. with a flourish - 4 with the top hat. with a flourish - 7 D. Why are you going there? there - 3 Why, there - 8 5, 6, 7 and 3 5, 1, 4 and 8 5, 6, 4 and 8 5, 1, 7 and 8 5, 6, 7 and 8

  49. All correct - well done! 2, 1, 4 and 3 Exercise 45 - Indirect Objects 2, 7, 4 and 3 Sometimes, owing to the omission of the preposition 'to' or 'for', a noun or pronoun appears to be the object of a verb when it is not: I sent him fruit. At first glance, 'him' appears to be the object of the verb. A moment's thought, however, shows this to be wrong. 'I' did not send 'him' - 'I' sent 'fruit' to him. The word' fruit' is therefore the object. What, then, is 'him'? In English, rather meaninglessly, it is called the indirect object. Strictly speaking it is a phrase with the introducing preposition omitted. Indirect Extension Subject Verb Object Object of Verb I sent fruit him - I sent fruit to him (Place) 2, 1, 6 and 3 2, 7, 6 and 3 2, 1, 4 and 5 2, 7, 4 and 5 2, 1, 6 and 5 2, 7, 6 and 5 8, 1, 4 and 3 8, 7, 4 and 3 Pick out the indirect objects (if any) and click on the correct button: 8, 1, 6 and 3 8, 7, 6 and 3 A. She gave us a shilling. shilling - 2 us - 8 B. She gave a shilling to us. None - 1 shilling - 7 C. This saved everyone a good deal of trouble. everyone - 4 deal - 6 D. The accident taught Mary a lesson. Mary - 3 lesson - 5 8, 1, 4 and 5 8, 7, 4 and 5 8, 1, 6 and 5 8, 7, 6 and 5

  50. All correct - well done! 2, 1, 6 and 5 Exercise 46 - Complements 2, 3, 6 and 5 Certain verbs, sufficient by themselves to convey one meaning, are not sufficient to convey another meaning unless they are helped by an additional word or words. The most common of these verbs is the verb 'to be' which, by itself, simply means 'to exist'. Compare the following: He is. (He exists) He is dead. (He no longer exists) In the first of the above examples the verb is sufficient to convey the meaning intended in the sentence. In the second example it is not sufficient to convey the meaning intended in the sentence, but requires an additional word ('dead' in this case) to help it. Such additional words are called complements (ie 'completing words'). Take care not to confuse complements with participles: He is coming. The verb here is not ‘to be'. The verb is 'to come'. 'coming' is the essence of the verb - 'is' is simply an additional verb helping the verb to form its tense. Such words which help verbs to form their tenses are called auxiliary verbs. 2, 1, 8 and 5 2, 3, 8 and 5 2, 1, 6 and 7 2, 3, 6 and 7 2, 1, 8 and 7 2, 3, 8 and 7 4, 1, 6 and 5 4, 3, 6 and 5 Decide whether the italicised words are complements and click on the correct button: 4, 1, 8 and 5 4, 3, 8 and 5 A. They were rich. Yes - 2 No - 4 B. They were captured. No - 1 Yes - 3 C. She will be waiting. No - 6 Yes - 8 D. She will be miserable. No - 5 Yes - 7 4, 1, 6 and 7 4, 3, 6 and 7 4, 1, 8 and 7 4, 3, 8 and 7

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