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Explore the flourishing trade of Minoans in the Mediterranean and the mysterious decline of their civilization around 1200 B.C., followed by the rise and fall of the Mycenaean world. Learn about the strategic geography of Greece, the emergence of Greek city-states, the rule within them, and the key differences between Athens and Sparta. Delve into the political developments, educational system, military prowess, and societal structure of both city-states, shedding light on their distinct characteristics and historical significance.
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Minoan Trade in the Mediterranean • 2000-1400 B.C. • Crete – island on edge of Aegean Sea • Traded fine pottery, • swords, precious • metals • “Stepping stone for • cultural exchange in Mediterranean
Knossos – capital city • Peaceful city – no fortifications • King Minos – owned a Minotaur (half man – half bull) • Wall Paintings – display graceful/athletic people • - loved nature & beautiful objects • Sports – boxing, wrestling, bull leaping
Bull Leapers of Knossos • Sport? Fun Activity? Warrior Initiation? Religious? • ALL OF THESE THINGS!!!
Mysterious End • 1200 B.C. - End of civilization • Not sure why – • - possible earthquake • - maybe invaders • - tidal wave • - volcanic ash
The Mycenaean World • Firstrulers of Greece • Government wealth through force • Said to have fought in the legendary Trojan War
The Trojan War • 10 year war against Troy • Fought because Trojan man stole wife of a Mycenaean king • Destroyed Troy with “Trojan Horse” • Greeks built a “gift” for the Trojans • The Greeks hid inside and at night when the horse was taken inside, the Greeks came out and destroyed Troy
Invaded Greece from the north Myceanaeans weakened by infighting Dorians easily won using iron weapons How do they decline: Invasion of Dorians
The Geography of Greece Geography
Mountains 75% of Greek mainland protected and isolated limited contact between communities Effect: Greece never unites w/ one govt. Geography
Natural Harbors no place more than 50 miles from the coast Effect: many make living from the seas Geography (Cont.)
Rules and Order in Greek City-States • Because of geography Greeks did not develop political unity • Created polis (city-states) • Most city-states covered 50 to 500 square miles • Home to fewer than 10,000 residents • Acropolis – gathering place to discuss city government
Greek Polis • Types of Rule in City-States • Rule by a king (Monarchy) • Rule by a small group of people (Aristocracy) • Rule by a few powerful people (Oligarchy) • Rule by a tyrant- powerful individuals who work for the interests of ordinary people
Greeks Vs. Spartans Two most important city states!!!
Athens Builds a Limited Democracy P O L I T C A L • 621 B.C. – Draco ruled all Athenians equal under the law • 594 B.C. – Solon establishes democracy • All citizens participate in government • Only males were citizens • Outlawed slavery • Created 4 social classes • top 3 could hold office Solon
Athens-Democracy (Continued) • 500 B.C. – Cleisthenes organized citizens in 10 groups • Created council of 500 • Council members chosen at random • Only free adult male property owners born in Athens were citizens • Women, slaves, foreigners excluded
I N T E L L E C T U A L Athenian Education • Athenian Males • Sons of wealthy got formal education at age 7 • Two years of military service at age 18 • Active service is called hoplites (infantry) • Right to speak and vote in the Assembly • At age 30, could serve in the Council of 500 • Women, very little to do outside of family life
Sparta Builds a Military State • 2nd Most Important City-State • Located near the Gulf of Corinth • Very different from Athens • Built a military state • Conquered Laconia & Messenia • Slaves became known as Helots • Didn’t care about Democracy & Arts • “Spartan” means highly self-disciplined
Spartan Government & Society P O L I T C A L • Council of Elders • 30 yr. old citizens: proposed laws • 5 elected officials carried out laws • Oligarchy • 2 kings ruled Sparta’s military force • Social Order • Original inhabitants • Noncitizens: worked in commerce/industry • Helots: field & house servants Social
SPARTA Helots Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.
Spartan Daily Life Social • 607-371 B.C. Most Powerful Army • Individual expression discouraged • Men served in Army until age 60 • Women physically conditioned to be healthy mothers • ran- wrestled- played sports • Women told men, “ come back with your shield or on it” • had more independence than Athenian women • Greeks admired Spartan discipline but didn’t want to live like them
Spartan Women Social
(Write on the Bottom of Notes) • Conflict #1 : Persian Wars!!! Effect 1 Effect 2 Effect 3
The Persian Wars • Persians control all of Middle East • Greek cities in Asia Minor rebel against Persians • Athens sent ship to help them • Battle of Marathon – 546 B.C. • Darius (King of Persia) decides to conquer Greece and punish Athens • 10,000 Athenians defeat 25,000 Persians • lined themselves in phalanxes • Messenger sent 26 miles to deliver news of victory to Athens
Battle of Thermopylae • Xerxes, son of Darius, attacks Greece in 480 B.C. • Persians overwhelm Spartans at Thermopylae • 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass fought 3 days • Persians capture Athens • Set fire to Athens
Athenians Fight Back • Defeat Persians at Salamis (naval battle) • Athenians create Delian League • Loose alliance of city-states: 200 of them • Delos: island in the Aegean Sea • Athens becomes headquarters and the dominant power in Greece • Athens enters the Golden Age