Cataloging and Classification Plymouth State University LM 5020

1. Cataloging and ClassificationPlymouth State UniversityLM 5020 Nancy J. Keane, MLS, MA

2. Who are we?

3. Syllabus

4. Time line

5. History of Catalog(u)ing

6. My library hero

7. Five Laws of Library Science • Books are for use. • Every person his or her book. • Every book its reader. • Save the time of the reader. • The library is a growing organism.

8. How do we achieve these? • One way is through cataloging

9. But what is that? • cat·a·log or cat·a·logue       (kāt'l-ôg', -ŏg')  Pronunciation Keyn.   • A list or itemized display, as of titles, course offerings, or articles for exhibition or sale, usually including descriptive information or illustrations. • A publication, such as a book or pamphlet, containing such a list or display: a catalog of fall fashions; a seed catalog. • A list or enumeration: "the long catalogue of his concerns: unemployment, housing, race, drugs, the decay of the inner city, the environment and family life"(Anthony Holden). • A card catalog. -- dictionary.com

10. v.   cat·a·loged or cat·a·logued, cat·a·log·ing or cat·a·logu·ing, cat·a·logs or cat·a·logues v.   tr.To make an itemized list of: catalog a record collection. • To list or include in a catalog. • To classify (a book or publication, for example) according to a categorical system. • v.   intr.To make a catalog. • To be listed in a catalog: an item that catalogs for 200 dollars.

11. Why do we need a catalog?

12. First catalogs • Inventory lists • Librarian responsible for collection and could be charged for lost materials • Shelf order

13. The next wave • Babylonia and Assyria too large for inventory list • Subject arrangement • Call numbers used • The art of catalog(u)ing born

14. Types of Catalogs Used • Book Catalog (used until late 19th century) • Advantage – Portable. Multiple copies could easily be made. Remote access.

15. Book Catalog • Disadvantage – Not flexible. Costly to update - Difficult to revise - Susceptible to wear and tear and loss • Came back into vogue in 1960s

16. Card Catalogs • Came into use in the late 19th century. Used 3x5 cards which could be purchased from LC in 1901 • Advantages – Easy to add to and discard from. Very flexible

17. Card catalog • Disadvantages – can reach enormous size. Doubled every 20 years. Expensive to maintain. Vulnerable to theft or destruction.

18. Came into vogue in late 1970s. Found in most libraries today. Advantages – Extremely flexible. Never out of date. Easy to maintain. Computerized catalogs

19. Computerized catalog • Disadvantages – expensive!! Initially, much more work than conventional catalogs. Cannot be used without expensive equipment.

20. Variations of computerized catalog • Fiche catalog • Book catalog • Card catalog • CD-ROM catalog • Web catalog

21. Organization of the catalog • No matter what form, the catalog must be organized or it is unusable. • Arranged in a logical, consistent manner

22. Early schemes • Classed catalog • Like the shelf list but material can have more than one class number. • Virtually extinct

23. Dictionary catalog • Late 19th century • All entries interfiled (author, title, subject) • Allows patron complete access to collection from single file. • In card catalog, filing was a nightmare.

24. Divided catalog • 1930s • Author/title • Subject • Easier to maintain • Harder for patrons. (eg Shakespeare as author or subject)

25. Cataloging rules • A set of rules is essential to maintain order • Patrons must be able to depend on consistency of elements

26. Cataloging rules • As many rules as there are libraries! • Sir Anthony Panizzi in 1841 – first major set of rules – “Rules for the Compilation of the Catalogue” Catalogue of Printed Books in the British Musuem. • It had been developed for the British Museum in 1839 and consisted of 91 rules – 5 pages long.

27. Jewett’s rules (1850s) • Charles Jewett based his rules on Panizzi’s. • Developed for Smithsonian • 33 rules • Earliest attempt at codifying subject heading practice • Jewett proposed “stereotyped” cataloging (was eventually fired for his radical ideas)

28. Cutter’s rules (1876) • Contained 369 rules covering descriptive cataloging, subject headings, and filing. • Have had a great impact on current rules • Defined why we catalog:

29. Objects of catalog

30. AA 1908 • American Library Association (88 p.) • Represented the first joint effort between American and British librarians in developing a code • Geared to major libraries “of a scholarly character” not public libraries (Cutter took care of these) • No subject access addressed

31. Prussian Instructions (1908) • Standardized instructions for Prussian libraries • Major difference with Anglo-American edition: • Grammatical title • No corporate author

32. Vatican Code (1920s) • Developed for cataloging books in the Vatican • Best structured code at the time • Called the most complete statement of American practice • Used examples throughout

33. ALA draft (1941) • Intended to be international but with outbreak of World War II, it didn’t happen • Now 408 pages long (up from 88) • Standardization needed for centralized processing • Two parts – entry and headings ; description

34. Library of Congress rules (1949) • Since most libraries buying cards from LC, need to publish rules used • Not totally compatible with ALA rules • Description only • Many formats addressed

35. ALA Rules (1949) • Complemented LC rules • Only rules for entry and headings.

37. International Conference on Cataloguing Principles (1961)

38. Paris Principles • Addressed the criticism of current code • Great step toward international code • Good intentions but cost of change enormous • Compromise • Two codes developed

39. AACR (1967) • North American edition and British edition • Mixed reviews • Controversial policy of “superimposition”

41. ISBD • Copenhagen 1969 • Objective: • Internationally understood • Records can be integrated • Records can easily be converted to machine readable form • Two standards adopted: • ISBD(N) and ISBN(S)

42. AACR II (1978) • ISBD • LC doing away with superimposition • International standards • Universal bibliographic control • Worked on from 1973 to 1977 • Draft received over 1000 pages of comments • Final code 620 p.

43. AACR II • 2 parts – description (based on ISBD) – headings, uniform titles and references (based on Paris Principles) • Contains options for individual consideration. Effort to use British terms.

44. AACR II Revised 1988 • Revised to cover 10 years of interpretations • Effort to include new media • 677 p.

45. AACR II Revised 1998 • 836 p.

46. AACR II Revised 2005 • Now published in looseleaf • An incredible 705 p.

48. What’s next? • Just so you don’t get too comfortable – The new rules RDA – Resource description and access

49. What is RDA? • Resource Description and Access • Working title for a new cataloguing code based on the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR). • World’s most used content standard for bibliographic description and access

50. Why is it needed? • To simplify the rules to encourage use as an international content standard for metadata • Provide more consistency and less redundancy for easier use and interpretation • Improve collocation in displays through work/expression relationships and a new approach to GeneralMaterialDesignations